Peshawar (/pəˈʃɑːwər/;[8] Pashto: پېښور[peˈχəwər]ⓘ; Hindko: پشور; [pɪˈʃɔːɾ]ⓘ; Urdu: پشاور[pɪˈʃɑːʋər]ⓘ) is the sixth most populous city of Pakistan, with a population of over 4.7 million in the 2023 census. It is the capital of the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, where it is the largest city.[9] It is situated in the north-west of the country, lying in the Valley of Peshawar. Peshawar is primarily populated by Pashtuns, who comprise the second-largest ethnic group in the country.[10][11]
Situated in the Valley of Peshawar, a broad area situated east of the historic Khyber Pass, Peshawar's recorded history dates back to at least 539 BCE, making it one of the oldest cities in South Asia.[12][13] The area encompassing modern-day Peshawar is mentioned in the Vedic scriptures; it was one of the principal cities of the ancient Gāndhāra. Peshawar served as the capital of the Kushan Empire during the rule of Kanishka[14][15][16] and was home to the Kanishka Stupa, which was among the tallest buildings in the ancient world.[17] Peshawar was then ruled by the Hephthalites, followed by the Hindu Shahis, before the arrival of a variety of Muslim empires. The city was an important trading centre of the Mughal Empire before becoming part of the Durrani Empire in 1747, after which it served as the Durrani winter capital from 1776 until the capture of the city by the Sikh Empire in 1823. In 1849, the city was captured by the East India Company and subsequently became part of British Raj, under whose rule it remained until the Partition of British India and subsequent independence of Pakistan in 1947.
^"Peshawar – The city of flowers". The Nation. 2 March 2018. Archived from the original on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
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^"DC For Timely Completion Of Arrangements For General Elections". UrduPoint. 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
^"KP's new LG system: structure, powers, and voting process". SAMAA TV. 17 December 2021. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
^"District Peshawar". Department of Local Government, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
^"Pakistan: Provinces and Major Cities – Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information". citypopulation.de. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
^"Peshawar". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021.
^"NWFP Introduction". Government of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. Archived from the original on 30 October 2007. Retrieved 12 December 2007.
^"Peshawar, pakols and namkeen karahi". Aurora Dawn. Archived from the original on 28 October 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
^"PAKISTAN: THE PASHTUN LOSE PATIENCE". a2globalrisk.com. Archived from the original on 28 October 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
^"Peshawar: Oldest Living City in South Asia". Dawn. 3 July 2010. Archived from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
^Nadiem, Ihsan H. (2007). Peshawar: Heritage, History, Monuments. Sang-e-Meel Publications. ISBN 978-969-35-1971-6.
^Baloch, Sikandar Khan (2004). In the Wonderland of Asia, Gilgit & Baltistan. Sang-e-Meel Publications. p. 124. ISBN 9789693516142. Within the next decade, emerged the great kingdom of Gandhra under the great Kushan king Kaniskha (125-160 AD). The seat of his central government was Purushpura which is today known as Peshawar.
^Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam (2002). History of Ancient India: Earliest Times to 1000 A.D. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 148. ISBN 9788126900275. Kanishka's coins have been found as far as Ghaznipur and Gorakhpur. These point to the wide extent of his Indian dominion which stretched from Gandhara to Banaras. The eastern portion of this empire was governed by Mahakshatrapa and a Kshatrapa while the northern portion by military governors. He fixed his capital at Purushpura or Peshawar which he adorned with many noble buildings.
^The Listener, Volume 39. British Broadcasting Corporation. 1948. p. 27. Of course the Kushan capital established by Kanishka in India was at Purushpura — Peshawar — not Mathura, where the Saka satraps had held sway and probably continued under the overlordship of the Kushans.
^Le, Huu Phuoc (2010). Buddhist Architecture. Grafikol. ISBN 978-0-9844043-0-8. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
Peshawar (/pəˈʃɑːwər/; Pashto: پېښور [peˈχəwər] ; Hindko: پشور; [pɪˈʃɔːɾ] ; Urdu: پشاور [pɪˈʃɑːʋər] ) is the sixth most populous city of Pakistan, with...
Peshawar District (Pashto: پېښور ولسوالۍ, Hindko: ضلع پشور, Urdu: ضلع پشاور) is a district in the Peshawar Division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province...
Peshawar Zalmi (Urdu: پشاور زلمی; Pashto: پېښور زلمي; literally meaning "Peshawar's youth") is a Pakistani franchise Twenty20 cricket team which plays...
attack on the Army Public School in the northwestern Pakistani city of Peshawar. The terrorists, all of whom were foreign nationals, comprising one Chechen...
Agriculture, Peshawar University of Malakand, Chakdara University of Peshawar, Peshawar Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak IMSciences, Peshawar Forward...
TransPeshawar or Zu Peshawar is a bus rapid transit system in Peshawar, capital of Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province. TransPeshawar BRT system...
Peshawar attack may refer to: Qissa Khwani massacre 1994 Peshawar school bus hijacking 1995 Peshawar bombing 2007 Peshawar hotel bombing 2008 Peshawar...
Peshawar Division is an administrative division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan. It was abolished in the reforms of 2000, like all divisions,...
of Peshawar may refer to: Battle of Peshawar (1001), fought between Mahmud of Ghazni and Jayapala Capture of Peshawar (1758), capture of Peshawar by Maratha...
Hassan Khel Tehsil is an administrative subdivision (tehsil) of Peshawar District in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. This subdivision borders...
The Valley of Peshawar (Pashto: د لوی پېښور وادي; Urdu: وادئ پشاور), or Peshawar Basin, historically known as the Gandhara Valley, is a broad area situated...
University of Peshawar (Pashto: د پېښور پوهنتون; Hindko: پشور یونیورسٹی; Urdu: جامعۂ پشاور; abbreviated UoP; known more popularly as Peshawar University)...
The history of Peshawar is intertwined with the history of the broader Indian subcontinent. The region was known as Puruṣapura in Sanskrit, literally meaning...
Councils of District Peshawar. Peshawar District is divided into 4 towns (tehsils): Peshawar I Peshawar II Peshawar III Peshawar IV These tehsils are...
The Peshawar Museum (Urdu: پشاور میوزیم(colloquial); پشاور عجائب گھر (official)) is a museum located in Peshawar, capital of Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa...
The Peshawar High Court (PHC, Urdu: عدالتِ عالیہ پشاور) is the provincial and highest judicial institution of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan. It is located...
The Peshawar Lancers is an alternate history, steampunk, post-apocalyptic fiction adventure novel by S. M. Stirling, with its point of divergence occurring...
Peshawar Cantonment (Urdu: پشاور چھاؤنی, Pashto: د پیښور کنډک) is a garrison located in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Although the cantonment...
2023 Peshawar mosque bombing was a terrorist attack that killed 84 people on 30 January 2023, at around 1:30 p.m. PKT, in the city of Peshawar, in the...
Peshawar Zoo (Urdu: پشاور چهڑیاگهر) is one of the largest zoos in Pakistan and the first ever zoo in Peshawar. It opened on 12 February 2018. It is managed...
Peshawar District List of Universities in Pakistan "Islamia College, Peshawar". icp.edu.pk. Retrieved 2017-11-30. UoP, CITS. "University of Peshawar"...
Debut; Reveals, "I Will Play Terrorist Abu Shamil, The Mastermind Behind Peshawar Attack"". Spotboye. Archived from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved...
his role in the conquests of Kasur, Sialkot, Attock, Multan, Kashmir, Peshawar and Jamrud. Hari Singh Nalwa was responsible for expanding the frontier...
Peshawar is located near the eastern end of the Khyber Pass and sits mainly on the Iranian plateau along with the rest of the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. Peshawar...
PEW, ICAO: OPPS), formerly known as Peshawar International Airport, is an international airport located in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Located...