The ringed salamander (Ambystoma annulatum) is a species of mole salamander native to hardwood and mixed hardwood-pine forested areas in and around the Ozark Plateau and Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Missouri.[2] This species of salamander has slander body, small head, and long tail. They are usually found to have various dorsal color from dark gray to dark brown. Various close relatives are found such as marbled salamander (A. opacum) and spotted salamander (A. maculatum). This species of salamander has cannibal behavior especially those in large body size.
It is found in damp, forested areas, usually under leaves, rotting logs, or in abandoned ground holes of other organisms, near shallow ponds. Highly fossorial (adapted to digging), adults are often found in subterranean refuges.[2] This salamander is increasingly rare and perhaps endangered. This is likely a result of its restricted range and specific breeding habit needs.[2] The world population is thought to be around 100,000 animals. Its conservation status is assessed as Least Concern by the IUCN.[1] This salamander can perform embryotic learning and social-facilitated learning.[3][4]
^ abIUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2014). "Ambystoma annulatum". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014. IUCN: e.T59052A56219662. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T59052A56219662.en. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
^ abcPetranka, James W. (2010). Salamanders of the United States and Canada. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 9781588343086.
^Crane, Adam L., et al. "Learning to find food: evidence for embryonic sensitization and juvenile social learning in a salamander." Animal Behaviour 142 (2018): 199-206.
^Mathis, Alicia, Kevin L. Murray, and Caleb R. Hickman. "Do experience and body size play a role in responses of larval ringed salamanders, Ambystoma annulatum, to predator kairomones? Laboratory and field assays." Ethology 109.2 (2003): 159-170.
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