The ribbon synapse is a type of neuronal synapse characterized by the presence of an electron-dense structure, the synaptic ribbon, that holds vesicles close to the active zone.[1] It is characterized by a tight vesicle-calcium channel coupling[2][3] that promotes rapid neurotransmitter release and sustained signal transmission. Ribbon synapses undergo a cycle of exocytosis and endocytosis in response to graded changes of membrane potential. It has been proposed that most ribbon synapses undergo a special type of exocytosis based on coordinated multivesicular release.[4][5][6] This interpretation has recently been questioned at the inner hair cell ribbon synapse, where it has been instead proposed that exocytosis is described by uniquantal (i.e., univesicular) release shaped by a flickering vesicle fusion pore.[7]
These unique features specialize the ribbon synapse to enable extremely fast, precise and sustained neurotransmission, which is critical for the perception of complex senses such as vision and hearing. Ribbon synapses are found in retinal photoreceptor cells, vestibular organ receptors, cochlear hair cells, retinal bipolar cells, and pinealocytes.
The synaptic ribbon is a unique structure at the active zone of the synapse. It is positioned several nanometers away from the pre-synaptic membrane and tethers 100 or more synaptic vesicles.[8] Each pre-synaptic cell can have from 10 to 100 ribbons tethered at the membrane, or a total number of 1000–10000 vesicles in close proximity to active zones.[9] The ribbon synapse was first identified in the retina as a thin, ribbon-like presynaptic projection surrounded by a halo of vesicles[10] using transmission electron microscopy in the 1950s, as the technique was gaining mainstream usage.
^Matthews G, Fuchs P (2010). "The diverse roles of ribbon synapses in sensory neurotransmission". Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 11 (12): 812–22. doi:10.1038/nrn2924. PMC 3065184. PMID 21045860.
^Jarsky T, Tian M, Singer JH (2010). "Nanodomain control of exocytosis is responsible for the signaling capability of a retinal ribbon synapse". J. Neurosci. 30 (36): 11885–95. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1415-10.2010. PMC 2945284. PMID 20826653.
^Wong AB, Rutherford MA, Gabrielaitis M, Pangrsic T, Göttfert F, Frank T, Michanski S, Hell S, Wolf F, Wichmann C, Moser T (2014). "Developmental refinement of hair cell synapses tightens the coupling of Ca2+ influx to exocytosis". EMBO J. 33 (3): 247–64. doi:10.1002/embj.201387110. PMC 3989618. PMID 24442635.
^Glowatzki, Elisabeth; Fuchs, Paul A. (22 January 2002). "Transmitter release at the hair cell ribbon synapse". Nature Neuroscience. 5 (2): 147–154. doi:10.1038/nn796. PMID 11802170. S2CID 15735147.
^Graydon CW, Cho S, Li GL, Kachar B, von Gersdorff H (2011). "Sharp Ca²⁺ nanodomains beneath the ribbon promote highly synchronous multivesicular release at hair cell synapses". J. Neurosci. 31 (46): 16637–50. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1866-11.2011. PMC 3235473. PMID 22090491.
^Singer JH, Lassová L, Vardi N, Diamond JS (2004). "Coordinated multivesicular release at a mammalian ribbon synapse". Nat. Neurosci. 7 (8): 826–33. doi:10.1038/nn1280. PMID 15235608. S2CID 13232594.
^Chapochnikov NM, Takago H, Huang CH, Pangršič T, Khimich D, Neef J, Auge E, Göttfert F, Hell SW, Wichmann C, Wolf F, Moser T (2014). "Uniquantal release through a dynamic fusion pore is a candidate mechanism of hair cell exocytosis". Neuron. 83 (6): 1389–403. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.08.003. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-1DA9-C. PMID 25199706.
^Parsons TD, Sterling P (February 2003). "Synaptic ribbon. Conveyor belt or safety belt?". Neuron. 37 (3): 379–82. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00062-X. PMID 12575947. S2CID 15161167.
^Lenzi D, Runyeon JW, Crum J, Ellisman MH, Roberts WM (January 1999). "Synaptic vesicle populations in saccular hair cells reconstructed by electron tomography". J. Neurosci.19 (1): 119–32. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-01-00119.1999. PMC 6782356. PMID 9870944.
^DE ROBERTIS, E; FRANCHI, CM (25 May 1956). "Electron microscope observations on synaptic vesicles in synapses of the retinal rods and cones". The Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology. 2 (3): 307–18. doi:10.1083/jcb.2.3.307. PMC 2223974. PMID 13331963.
The ribbonsynapse is a type of neuronal synapse characterized by the presence of an electron-dense structure, the synaptic ribbon, that holds vesicles...
essential role in the precise interactions between the photoreceptor ribbonsynapse and the bipolar dendrites. The binding with dystroglycan (DG) depends...
In the nervous system, a synapse is a structure that permits a neuron (or nerve cell) to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or to...
on the type of synapse examined. One striking example of the dense projection is the ribbonsynapse (see below) which contains a "ribbon" of protein dense...
causes current to travel more slowly through the neuron. Ribbonsynapses are a type of synapse often found in sensory neurons and are of a unique structure...
Chemical synapses are biological junctions through which neurons' signals can be sent to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles...
"Pikachurin, a dystroglycan ligand, is essential for photoreceptor ribbonsynapse formation". Nature. July 20, 2008. Archived from the original on September...
Safieddine S, El-Amraoui A, Petit C (2012). "The auditory hair cell ribbonsynapse: from assembly to function". Annual Review of Neuroscience. 35: 509–28...
fibers form synaptic connections with the hair cells of the cochlea via ribbonsynapses using the neurotransmitter glutamate. The central axons form synaptic...
thick. It has three layers of nerve cells and two of synapses, including the unique ribbonsynapse. The optic nerve carries the ganglion-cell axons to...
needed] After neurons carrying proprioceptive or fine touch information synapse at the gracile and cuneate nuclei, axons from secondary neurons decussate...
a human deafness form, is essential for exocytosis at the auditory ribbonsynapse". Cell. 127 (2): 277–89. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.08.040. PMID 17055430...
neurotransmitter vesicles at ribbonsynapses at the basolateral surface of the hair cell. The release of neurotransmitter at a ribbonsynapse, in turn, generates...
mechanotransduction complex, along with the potential loss of specialized ribbonsynapses, can lead to hair cell death, often caused by ototoxic drugs like aminoglycoside...
TheFreeDictionary by Farlex. Thoreson W. B. (2021). Transmission at rod and cone ribbonsynapses in the retina. Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology, 473(9)...
body may refer to: Dense granule, a secretory organelle Ribbonsynapse, a type of neuronal synapse Electron-dense portions of smooth muscle This disambiguation...
2002). "Cast: a novel protein of the cytomatrix at the active zone of synapses that forms a ternary complex with RIM1 and munc13-1". J. Cell Biol. 158...
yielding the CTBP2 transcriptional coregulator as well as the larger ribbonsynapse scaffolding protein RIBEYE. The multi use functionality of the CtBP2...
Wässle H (1996). "A SNARE complex containing syntaxin 3 is present in ribbonsynapses of the retina". J. Neurosci. 16 (21): 6713–21. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI...
in exocytosis of synaptic vesicles at the auditory inner hair cell ribbonsynapse. In adult fruit flies, a ferlin member called misfire is expressed in...
cytoplasmic vesicle COPI-coated vesicle cytoskeleton photoreceptor ribbonsynapse presynaptic endocytic zone Biological process regulation of endocytosis...
integrates with Active Directory, Microsoft System Center, and Hadoop. Azure Synapse Analytics is a fully managed cloud data warehouse. Azure Data Factory is...
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