A ρ factor (Rho factor) is a bacterial protein involved in the termination of transcription.[1] Rho factor binds to the transcription terminator pause site, an exposed region of single stranded RNA (a stretch of 72 nucleotides) after the open reading frame at C-rich/G-poor sequences that lack obvious secondary structure.[2]
Rho factor is an essential transcription protein in bacteria.[3] In Escherichia coli, it is a ~274.6 kD hexamer of identical subunits. Each subunit has an RNA-binding domain and an ATP-hydrolysis domain. Rho is a member of the RecA/SF5 family of ATP-dependent hexameric helicases that function by wrapping nucleic acids around a single cleft extending around the entire hexamer. Rho functions as an ancillary factor for RNA polymerase.
There are two types of transcriptional termination in bacteria, rho-dependent termination and intrinsic termination (also called Rho-independent termination). Rho-dependent terminators account for about half of the E. coli factor-dependent terminators. Other termination factors discovered in E. coli include Tau and nusA. Rho-dependent terminators were first discovered in bacteriophage genomes.
^Said N, Hilal T, Sunday ND, Khatri A, Bürger J, Mielke T, et al. (January 2021). "Steps toward translocation-independent RNA polymerase inactivation by terminator ATPase ρ". Science. 371 (6524). doi:10.1126/science.abd1673. hdl:21.11116/0000-0007-AD1D-7. PMC 7864586. PMID 33243850.
Emily Caldwell (November 26, 2020). "Study revealing the secret behind a key cellular process refutes biology textbooks". Phys.org.
^Slonczewski J, Foster JW (2009). Microbiology: An Evolving Science. New York: W.W. Norton &, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-393-11332-7.
^Pradeepkiran JA, Kumar KK, Kumar YN, Bhaskar M (2015). "Modeling, molecular dynamics, and docking assessment of transcription factor rho: a potential drug target in Brucella melitensis 16M". Drug Design, Development and Therapy. 9: 1897–912. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S77020. PMC 4386771. PMID 25848225.
A ρ factor (Rhofactor) is a bacterial protein involved in the termination of transcription. Rhofactor binds to the transcription terminator pause site...
Rho dependent, utilizing Rhofactor, or Rho independent, also known as intrinsic termination. Although most operons in DNA are Rho independent, Rho dependent...
is true for some materials ( Δ ρ = 0 {\displaystyle \Delta \rho =0} ), and the gauge factor is simply: G F = 1 + 2 ν {\displaystyle GF=1+2\nu } However...
which serves as a binding site for the protein known as rhofactor. This sequence is necessary in rho-dependent termination of DNA transcription in bacteria...
processes which emerged throughout evolution. RhoA specifically is regarded as a prominent regulatory factor in other functions such as the regulation of...
with spatial density distribution, ρ ( r ) {\displaystyle \rho (\mathbf {r} )} , the form factor, f ( Q ) {\displaystyle f(\mathbf {Q} )} , is defined as...
transcription is terminated either by a rho-dependent process or rho-independent process. In the Rho-dependent process, the rho-protein locates and binds the signal...
from the template DNA strand and halt transcription. Rho-dependent termination: ρ factor (rhofactor) is a terminator protein that attaches to the RNA strand...
{2\;(p_{1}-p_{2})/\rho }}} The above expression for q v ′ {\displaystyle q_{v}^{'}} gives the theoretical volume flow rate. Introducing the beta factor β = d / D...
{\displaystyle \rho } is the density of the fluid, V {\displaystyle V} is the average velocity in the pipe, f D {\displaystyle f_{D}} is the friction factor from...
the second most commonly used reliability factor after tau-equivalent reliability( ρ T {\displaystyle \rho _{T}} ; also known as Cronbach's alpha), and...
Rac3, and RhoG), Cdc42 subfamily (Cdc42, TC10/RhoQ, TCL/RhoJ), the RhoUV family (RhoV/Chp and RhoU/Wrch-1/), RhoA subfamily (RhoA, RhoB, and RhoC), the Rnd...
{\displaystyle \alpha _{60}={\frac {K_{0}}{\rho *^{2}}}+{\frac {K_{1}}{\rho *}}+{K_{2}}} ρ ∗ {\displaystyle \rho ^{*}} refers to the density [Kg/M3] at the...
\Delta P=f{\frac {2L}{R}}q=f{\frac {L}{R}}\rho u^{2}} This friction factor is one-fourth of the Darcy friction factor, so attention must be paid to note which...
Kalirin PLEKHG2 Ephexin5 is a RhoA GEF involved in neuronal synapse development. G proteins Guanine Nucleotide exchange factor Small GTPases Cherfils J, Zeghouf...
{\displaystyle {\dot {\rho }}_{f}=-3H\left(\rho _{f}+w_{f}\rho _{f}\right)\,} from which we get ρ f ∝ a − 3 ( 1 + w f ) . {\displaystyle {\rho }_{f}\propto...
shows significant similarity to hexameric DNA helicases (especially the Rhofactor), and the entire enzyme region shows some similarity to H+ -powered T3SS...
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