The regional pfennig was a type of pfennig, a low denomination coin used in the Holy Roman Empire that began to appear in the 10th century after the period of the supra-regional pfennigs (mid-8th to mid-10th centuries) following the coin reform of the Emperor Charlemagne of Francia. With the increasing allocation of royal minting rights under the Münzregal to other mints, different types of pfennig emerged. The mints with their own minting rights included those cities that had attained a special degree of independence, in some cases even imperial immediacy. However, a localization of coinage was partly counteracted by a move by cities to form minting associations or Münzvereins,[1] in which minting agreement standards for the weight and, above all, the fineness of coins were set. which must not be undercut in order to ensure unrestricted convertibility of the coins within the contract area. In later centuries, larger denominations of higher value were introduced, such as the groschen (grossus) and, in the Alpine region, the Kreuzer. The pfennig thus fell from being a major coin and currency money to a small Scheidemünze coin. Attempts at standardisation concentrated on the new, larger denominations and no longer on the pfennig, which basically remained a state coin of only regional significance. In Germany, the pfennig was only successfully unified again in the 19th century, initially through the Prussian small coinage reform of 1821 for the various small coins in the Prussian provinces, and then through the second Imperial Coin Act of 1873.
The most important regional pfennigs include the Sachsenpfennig ("Saxon pfennig"), also known as the Wendenpfennig, and the Otto Adelheid Pfennig, the earliest mintings of which still followed the Carolingian standard. In particular, the later Sachsenpfennig and other regional pfennigs, such as the Regensburg Pfennig, the Vienna Pfennig, the Friesach Pfennig or the Krainer Pfennig, moved further and further away from their Carolingian model. There was no longer any uniformity in weights and fineness as there had been in the Carolingian monetary system. A pfennig or denarius from one region was no longer necessarily worth a pfennig in another region.
The regionalpfennig was a type of pfennig, a low denomination coin used in the Holy Roman Empire that began to appear in the 10th century after the period...
The pfennig (German: [ˈpfɛnɪk] ; pl. 'pfennigs' or 'pfennige' (listen); symbol pf or ₰) or penny is a former German coin or note, which was the official...
three major periods: the high medieval regionalpfennig period (bracteate period), the late medieval pfennig period and the thaler period, which ended...
The Ewiger Pfennig or eternal penny (Latin: denarius perpetuus) was a coin of the regionalpfennig period (bracteate period), which was minted until the...
Adelaide of Burgundy (Athalhet), which was minted soon after 983 as a regionalpfennig in the Harz region. Minting took place at more than one mint in the...
bracteates were a typical "regional penny" currency of the time. Medieval silver bracteates are one-sided, stamped pfennigs from thin silver sheet, with...
In the German-speaking world, the groschen was usually worth 12 pfennigs; many regional (small) groschen e.g. Neugroschen, Groten (plural: Grote) in northern...
"Deutschmark" (/ˈdɔɪtʃmɑːrk/). One Deutsche Mark was divided into 100 pfennigs. It was first issued under Allied occupation in 1948 to replace the Reichsmark...
2016-04-25. Retrieved 2017-06-29. Allf, Bradley C.; Durst, Paul A. P.; Pfennig, David W. (October 2016). "Behavioral Plasticity and the Origins of Novelty:...
A Rappen (pl. Rappen) originally was a variant of the medieval Pfennig ("penny") coin common to the Alemannic German regions Alsace, Sundgau, northern...
(equivalent to twelve silver pfennigs) were very rare.[citation needed] In the 12th century, larger silver coins of multiple pfennig weight were minted, known...
S2CID 87250648. Retrieved May 14, 2021. Allf, Bradley C.; Durst, Paul A. P.; Pfennig, David W. (October 2016). "Behavioral Plasticity and the Origins of Novelty:...
Arnold 8 Pfennige, and English: In Throtmanni the free man Arnold pays us 8 pfennigs). According to this, there are a large number of different names, but they...
(24,606 ft) (the Reichsmeile), but before then there were many local and regional variants (of which some are shown below): One hour's travel, used up to...
Zeitung (StZ; regional, with significant supra-regional, national and international sections) and Stuttgarter Nachrichten (StN; regional) are published...
the Friesacher Pfennig or Frizatik, widely used within the Austrian and Hungarian lands in the 12th century. The town gained in regional importance, and...
hereditary rulers of their territories. Kings increasingly had to deal with regional rebellions. In 911 Saxon, Franconian, Bavarian and Swabian nobles no longer...
thus being known in several different languages as 'penny' (English), 'pfennig' (German) and 'penning' (Scandinavian languages). Medieval coin types frequently...
Federal Republic. At this time, Strauss became more identified with the regional politics of Bavaria. While he ran for the chancellorship as the candidate...
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