Materials resistant to decomposition under high temperatures
This article is about heat resistance. For other uses, see Refractory (disambiguation).
In materials science, a refractory (or refractory material) is a material that is resistant to decomposition by heat or chemical attack that retains its strength and rigidity at high temperatures.[1] They are inorganic, non-metallic compounds that may be porous or non-porous, and their crystallinity varies widely: they may be crystalline, polycrystalline, amorphous, or composite. They are typically composed of oxides, carbides or nitrides of the following elements: silicon, aluminium, magnesium, calcium, boron, chromium and zirconium.[2] Many refractories are ceramics, but some such as graphite are not, and some ceramics such as clay pottery are not considered refractory. Refractories are distinguished from the refractory metals, which are elemental metals and their alloys that have high melting temperatures.
Refractories are defined by ASTM C71 as "non-metallic materials having those chemical and physical properties that make them applicable for structures, or as components of systems, that are exposed to environments above 1,000 °F (811 K; 538 °C)".[3] Refractory materials are used in furnaces, kilns, incinerators, and reactors. Refractories are also used to make crucibles and molds for casting glass and metals. The iron and steel industry and metal casting sectors use approximately 70% of all refractories produced.[4]
^Ailsa Allaby and Michael Allaby (1996). Concise Dictionary of Earth Sciences. Oxford Paperbacks Oxford University Press.
^"Refractories and Classification of Refractories". IspatGuru. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
^
"How cool are refractory materials?" (PDF). The Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. 106 (September): 1–16. 2008. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
In materials science, a refractory (or refractory material) is a material that is resistant to decomposition by heat or chemical attack that retains its...
Refractory period is a period immediately following a stimulus during which further stimulation has no effect. It may specifically refer to: Refractory...
dysplastic changes confined to the single lineage. The terms refractory neutropenia and refractory thrombocytopenia have sometimes been used to describe these...
Refractory metals are a class of metals that are extraordinarily resistant to heat and wear. The expression is mostly used in the context of materials...
Hyperanemia is a severe form of anemia, in which the hematocrit is below 10%. Refractory anemia, an anemia which does not respond to treatment, is often seen secondary...
Anxiety is an emotion which is characterised by an unpleasant state of inner turmoil and includes feelings of dread over anticipated events. Anxiety is...
is termed the effective refractory period (ERP) of the tissue. This period is approximately equal to the absolute refractory period (ARP), it occurs because...
situation can usually (but not always) be considered an agonal phenomenon. Refractory status epilepticus is defined as status epilepticus that continues despite...
Refractory hypertension (RfHTN) is hypertension, a high blood pressure, that remains uncontrolled on maximal or near-maximal therapy, that includes the...
priests [fr], and those refusing the oath known as non-juring clergy or refractory clergy. In the centuries preceding the French Revolution, the Church had...
500 cm/s (200 in/s), close to 18 km/h (11 mph). Most men experience a refractory period immediately following an orgasm, during which they are unable to...
another wave until a certain amount of time has passed (known as the refractory time). A forest is an example of an excitable medium: if a wildfire burns...
A refectory table is a highly elongated table used originally for dining in monasteries during Medieval times. In the Late Middle Ages, the table gradually...
medical condition that exists, but does not get better or worse. Refractory disease A refractory disease is a disease that resists treatment, especially an...
that cannot be brought below 6.0 mg/dl while attacks continue indicates refractory gout. While historically it is not recommended to start allopurinol during...
TRL Krosaki Refractories Limited (Formerly Tata Refractories Limited and TRL) is an Indian refractory company. It was established in 1958 in Belpahar...
settlement can be traced back to 1876 when a Russian noble established refractory site to process local clay that is abundant in the area. Originally known...
known as "non-jurors" or "refractory priests." In areas where a majority had taken the oath, such as Paris, the refractory minority could be victimized...
Neutropenia is an abnormally low concentration of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell) in the blood. Neutrophils make up the majority of circulating...
vasopressor-resistant and advances to being called refractory vasodilatory shock or simply refractory shock. Adjunctive therapies include angiotensin II...
Refractory anemia with ring sideroblasts is a type of myelodysplastic syndrome. RARS is characterized by 5% or less myeloblasts in bone marrow. RARS is...
Prostate cancer is the uncontrolled growth of cells in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system below the bladder. Early prostate cancer causes...
Refractory Obdurate is the seventh studio album by the American rock band Wovenhand. The album was released on April 29, 2014 through a partnership between...
300–4,700 K) (see carbon phase diagram). Hafnium carbonitride (HfCN) is a refractory compound with the highest known melting point of any substance to date...