Reflex syncope is a brief loss of consciousness due to a neurologically induced drop in blood pressure and/or a decrease in heart rate.[5][6][7][8][9][10][2] Before an affected person passes out, there may be sweating, a decreased ability to see, or ringing in the ears.[1] Occasionally, the person may twitch while unconscious.[1] Complications of reflex syncope include injury due to a fall.[1]
Reflex syncope is divided into three types: vasovagal, situational, and carotid sinus.[2] Vasovagal syncope is typically triggered by seeing blood, pain, emotional stress, or prolonged standing.[11] Situational syncope is often triggered by urination, swallowing, or coughing.[2] Carotid sinus syncope is due to pressure on the carotid sinus in the neck.[2] The underlying mechanism involves the nervous system slowing the heart rate and dilating blood vessels, resulting in low blood pressure and thus not enough blood flow to the brain.[2] Diagnosis is based on the symptoms after ruling out other possible causes.[3]
Recovery from a reflex syncope episode happens without specific treatment.[2] Prevention of episodes involves avoiding a person's triggers.[2] Drinking sufficient fluids, salt, and exercise may also be useful.[2][4] If this is insufficient for treating vasovagal syncope, medications such as midodrine or fludrocortisone may be tried.[4] Occasionally, a cardiac pacemaker may be used as treatment.[2] Reflex syncope affects at least 1 in 1,000 people per year.[1] It is the most common type of syncope, making up more than 50% of all cases.[2]
^ abcdefghijkAydin MA, Salukhe TV, Wilke I, Willems S (26 October 2010). "Management and therapy of vasovagal syncope: A review". World Journal of Cardiology. 2 (10): 308–15. doi:10.4330/wjc.v2.i10.308. PMC 2998831. PMID 21160608.
^ abcdefghijklmAdkisson WO, Benditt DG (September 2017). "Pathophysiology of reflex syncope: A review". Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology. 28 (9): 1088–1097. doi:10.1111/jce.13266. PMID 28776824. S2CID 39638908.
^ abBrignole M, Benditt DG (2011). Syncope: An Evidence-Based Approach. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 158. ISBN 9780857292018.
^ abcShen WK, Sheldon RS, Benditt DG, Cohen MI, Forman DE, Goldberger ZD, Grubb BP, Hamdan MH, Krahn AD, Link MS, Olshansky B, Raj SR, Sandhu RK, Sorajja D, Sun BC, Yancy CW (1 August 2017). "2017 ACC/AHA/HRS Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Patients With Syncope: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society". Circulation. 136 (5): e25–e59. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000498. PMID 28280232.
^Morillo CA, Eckberg DL, Ellenbogen KA, Beightol LA, Hoag JB, Tahvanainen KU, Kuusela TA, Diedrich AM. Vagal and sympathetic mecha-nisms in patients with orthostatic vasovagal syncope. Circulation. 1997;96: 2509–2513. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.96.8.2509
^Barón-Esquivias G, Cayuela A, Gómez S, Aguilera A, Campos A, Fernández M, Cabezón S, Morán JE, Valle JI, Martínez A, et al. [Quality of life in patients with vasovagal syncope. Clinical parameters influence]. Med Clin (Barc). 2003;121:245–249. doi: 10.1016/s0025-7753(03)75188-4
^Zheng L, Sun W, Liu S, et al. The Diagnostic Value of Cardiac Deceleration Capacity in Vasovagal Syncope. Circ. Arrhythm. electrophysiol.. 2020;13(12):e008659. doi:10.1161/CIRCEP.120.008659, 10.1161/CIRCEP.120.008659
^"Syncope Information Page". National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
Reflexsyncope is a brief loss of consciousness due to a neurologically induced drop in blood pressure and/or a decrease in heart rate. Before an affected...
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A frequent type of syncope, termed vasovagal syncope is originated by intense cardioinhibition, mediated by a sudden vagal reflex, that causes transitory...
syncope and unexplained falls often have coexisting conditions such as carotid sinus hypersensitivity, orthostatic hypotension, and vasovagal syncope...
"Usefulness of Tilt Testing and Carotid Sinus Massage for Evaluating ReflexSyncope". The American Journal of Cardiology. 122 (3): 517–520. doi:10.1016/j...
he controls. Because he is prone to bouts of clinical depression and reflexsyncope, after a fainting spell (triggered by a panic attack), Tony's physician...
evaluation for syncope fails to provide a definitive, highly probable, or potential diagnosis, but instead raises clinical suspicion of reflexsyncope, orthostatic...
collapse ("agelastic syncope"), which in turn can cause trauma. See also laughter-induced syncope, cataplexy, and Bezold–Jarisch reflex. Gelastic seizures...
can also cause vasovagal syncope due to a sudden drop in cardiac output, causing cerebral hypoperfusion. Vasovagal syncope affects young children and...
intolerance, nausea, diminished concentration, tremulousness (shaking), syncope (fainting), coldness or pain in the extremities, chest pain and shortness...
fainting (syncope) from touching the neck (often whilst shaving). This is an important cause to exclude in men having pre-syncope or syncope symptoms....
parasympathetic (due to the diving reflex) coactivation — may be responsible for some cold water immersion deaths. Gasp reflex and uncontrollable tachypnea...
foreign particles and microbes. As a protective reflex, coughing can be repetitive with the cough reflex following three phases: an inhalation, a forced...
have discussed additional aspects of this possible link between vasovagal syncope and evolutionary fitness in blood-injection-injury phobias. An evolutionary...
associated with symptoms of fatigue, dyspnea, dizziness, confusion, and frank syncope due to reduced forward blood flow to the brain, lungs, and skeletal muscle...
voluntary control in healthy humans and other animals, but may occur as a reflex in infants, some elderly individuals, and those with neurological injury...
2020 Malaysian federal budget, later revealed to be the result of a reflexsyncope. He was caught by Subang MP Wong Chen and Ledang MP Syed Ibrahim Syed...
ISBN 9781405104647. Thompson EG, Pai RK, eds. (2 June 2011). "Passing Out (Syncope) Caused by Arrhythmias". CardioSmart. American College of Cardiology. Archived...
from syncope. It is not recommended as a routine part of diagnosis epilepsy. Differentiating an epileptic seizure from other conditions such as syncope can...
and temple) can produce a cerebral concussion or a carotid sinus reflex with syncope and cause a sudden, dramatic KO. Body blows, particularly the liver...
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