This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Realizational morphology" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR(August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Realizational morphology or "word-and-paradigm" (WP) was a theory first created by linguist Charles F. Hockett.[1] WP morphology focuses on the whole of a word rather than morphemes or internal structure. This theory also denies that morphemes are signs (form-content pairs). Instead, inflections are stem modifications which serve as exponents of morphological feature sets.[2] It serves as an alternative for the Item-and-Arrangement (IA) and Item-and-Process (IP) Models.[1][3]
The theory takes paradigms as a central notion. Instead of stating rules to combine morphemes into word-forms, or to generate word-forms from stems, word-based morphology states generalizations that hold between the forms of inflectional paradigms. The major point behind this approach is that many such generalizations are hard to state with either of the other approaches. The examples are usually drawn from fusional languages, where a given "piece" of a word, which a morpheme-based theory would call an inflectional morpheme, corresponds to a combination of grammatical categories, for example, "third person plural".[4]
Morpheme-based theories analyze such cases by associating a single morpheme with two categories. Item-and-Process theories, on the other hand, often break down in cases like these, because they all too often assume that there will be two separate rules here, one for third person, and the other for plural, but the distinction between them turns out to be artificial. Word-and-Paradigm approaches treat these as whole words that are related to each other by analogical rules.
Words can be categorized based on the pattern they fit into. This applies both to existing words and to new ones. Application of a pattern different from the one that has been used historically can give rise to a new word, such as older replacing elder (where older follows the normal pattern of adjectival comparatives) and cows replacing kine (where cows fits the regular pattern of plural formation). While a Word-and-Paradigm approach can explain this easily, other approaches have difficulty with phenomena such as this.
^ abMatthews, P. H. (Peter Hugoe). The concise Oxford dictionary of linguistics. Oxford University Press. (Third ed.). [Oxford]. ISBN 978-0-19-175306-0. OCLC 881847972.
^"Computing with Realizational Morphology" (PDF). Stanford University. Retrieved 27 August 2016.
^Crystal, David. A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics. Crystal, David, 1941- (6th ed.). Malden, MA. ISBN 978-1-4443-0278-3. OCLC 317317506.
^Stump, Gregory T. (Gregory Thomas) (2001). Inflectional morphology : a theory of paradigm structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-511-01378-7. OCLC 51029118.
and 25 Related for: Realizational morphology information
Realizationalmorphology or "word-and-paradigm" (WP) was a theory first created by linguist Charles F. Hockett. WP morphology focuses on the whole of...
the preterite singular and past participle. Lexical diffusion Realizationalmorphology "Paradigm". SIL Glossary of Linguistic Terms. 2015-12-03. Retrieved...
notable contributions to fields of phonology (half-rhymes), morphology (realizationalmorphology, rules of referral), syntax (clitics, construction grammar)...
pages 173–194, University of Chicago Press, 1993. Computing with RealizationalMorphology In Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing, Alexander...
Distributed Morphology is a theoretical framework introduced in 1993 by Morris Halle and Alec Marantz. The central claim of Distributed Morphology is that...
stratum provides actualization or realization for the next lower stratum. Thus, speaking a word would involve a realizational pathway from the semantic stratum...
In Adyghe, like all Northwest Caucasian languages, morphology is the most important part of the grammar. An Adyghe word, besides that it has its own lexical...
expression. The field of linguistic study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology. In English, morphemes are often but not necessarily words. Morphemes...
her", a tripartite language would treat the "she" in "she runs" as morphologically and/or syntactically distinct from either argument in "he likes her"...
pharmacognostical study. Morphological study follows a special terminology which must be known to a pharmacognostist. The morphological terminology is derived...
the philological tradition of Spanish, cultism is called a word whose morphology very strictly follows its Greek or Latin etymological origin, without...
are in the stressed vowels within the dialect, the differences in their morphology and grammar as well as the northern dialects are more conservative as...
In morphology, a null morpheme or zero morpheme is a morpheme that has no phonetic form. In simpler terms, a null morpheme is an "invisible" affix. It...
The Gulf has two major dialect types that differ phonologically and morphologically, typically referred to as badawī ('Bedouin') and ḥadarī ('sedentary')...
feminine nouns can optionally be inflected using masculine noun class morphology in Bokmål due to its Danish heritage. In comparison, the use of all three...
specific pronunciation, a morpheme will take based on the phonological or morphological context in which they appear. English has several morphemes that vary...
matters of morphology, syntax and semantics. Ibn Jinni of Mosul, a pioneer in phonology, wrote prolifically in the 10th century on Arabic morphology and phonology...
the Damin registers of the Lardil and Yangkaal use all the grammatical morphology of those languages, and so therefore are broadly similar, though it does...
1017/s0025100300006162. S2CID 241094214. Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-824137-9 Francisco...
broader Athabaskan family, it has an extremely complex system of verbal morphology, often enabling entire sentences to be constructed with only a verb. This...
object–agent–verb word order, and its use of honorary and endearment terms in its morphology. The Xavante people are approximately 18,380 individuals in 170 villages...
and {112} planes should form a ditetragonal appearance. The observed morphology can be vary of degenerated cases of the ideal form. Beside the initial...