Pattern of phenotypic expression caused by a given genotype across a range of environments
In ecology and genetics, a reaction norm, also called a norm of reaction, describes the pattern of phenotypic expression of a single genotype across a range of environments. One use of reaction norms is in describing how different species—especially related species—respond to varying environments. But differing genotypes within a single species may also show differing reaction norms relative to a particular phenotypic trait and environment variable. For every genotype, phenotypic trait, and environmental variable, a different reaction norm can exist; in other words, an enormous complexity can exist in the interrelationships between genetic and environmental factors in determining traits. The concept was introduced by Richard Woltereck in 1909.[1][2][3][4][5]
^Lewontin R, Rose S, Kamin LJ (1984). Not in Our Genes: Biology, Ideology and Human Nature. ISBN 0-394-72888-2.
^Lewontin R, Levins R (1985). The Dialectical Biologist. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-20283-X.
^Lewontin R (1991). Biology as Ideology: The Doctrine of DNA. ISBN 0-06-097519-9.
^Lewontin R (2000). The Triple Helix: Gene, Organism, and Environment. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00159-1.
^Griffiths AJ, Miller JH, Suzuki DT, Lewontin RC, Gelbart WM (2000). "Norm of reaction and phenotypic distribution". In Griffiths AJ (ed.). An Introduction to Genetic Analysis (7th ed.).
In ecology and genetics, a reactionnorm, also called a norm of reaction, describes the pattern of phenotypic expression of a single genotype across a...
establishment of synaptic connections during development. The norm of reaction, or reactionnorm, is a pattern of phenotypic plasticity that describes how...
media related to Norm Macdonald. Wikiquote has quotations related to Norm Macdonald. Official website Norm Macdonald at IMDb Norm Macdonald discography...
necessarily norms. Instinctual or biological reactions, personal tastes, and personal habits are not necessarily norms. Groups may adopt norms in a variety...
rather than plasticity in a single behavioural trait. Thus, behavioural reactionnorms were introduced as a means of incorporating personality and individual...
plants, where the concept was originally used, tolerance is defined as a reactionnorm of host fitness over a range of parasite burdens, and can be measured...
epigenetic phenomena. non-random segregation of chromosomes norm of reaction See reactionnorm. null allele Any allele made non-functional by way of a genetic...
1944) was a German zoologist best known for developing the concept of reactionnorm (German: Reaktionsnorm). He also conducted some of the first research...
load. This is a reactionnorm in which host performance is regressed against increasing disease burden. The slope of the reactionnorm defines the degree...
the concept of first principles). This basic norm, however, is often described as hypothetical. Reaction to the term has fallen into three broad areas...
Scheiner S (1993). "The genetics of phenotypic plasticity. V. Evolution of reactionnorm shape". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 6: 31–48. doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101...
values across an environmental gradient, the data are fixated into a reactionnorm framework. In this way, an individual can directly assess the changes...
genetics, development, and evolution. He pioneered understanding of reactionnorms, genetic assimilation, dynamical genetics, sex determination, and heterochrony...
experiment that seeks to examine people's reactions to violations of commonly accepted social rules or norms. Breaching experiments are most commonly associated...
plasticity and spatially varying selection rule: A view from genomic reactionnorms in a panmictic species (Anguilla rostrata)". BMC Genomics. 15: 403....
the Hoverfly, Episyrphus balteatus: The Critical Immature Stage and ReactionNorm on Developmental Temperature". Journal of Insect Physiology. 44 (2):...
The norm of reciprocity requires that people repay in kind what others have done for them. It can be understood as the expectation that people will respond...
doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2013.06.003. PMID 23806604. Zhou, Y (2008). "Reactionnorm variants for male calling song in populations of Achroia grisella (Lepidoptera:...
Sanna Black-Samuelsson and Stefan Andersson - Relationship between ReactionNorm Variation and RAPD Diversity in Vicia dumetorum International Journal...
Danka, Robert G.; Gleason, Jennifer M.; Greenfield, Michael D. (2008). "Reactionnorm variants for male calling song in populations of Achroia grisella (Lepidoptera:...
Brodeur, Jacques; Boivin, Guy (2015-09-11). "Size-induced phenotypic reactionnorms in a parasitoid wasp: an examination of life-history and behavioural...
females on male–male competition in the isopod, Paracerceis sculpta: a reactionnorm approach to behavioral plasticity" (PDF). Journal of Crustacean Biology...
levels of damage (Stinchcombe 2002). Tolerance is often presented as a reactionnorm, where slopes larger than, equal to and less than zero reflect overcompensation...
Schlichting, Carl D., and Massimo Pigliucci. Phenotypic evolution: a reactionnorm perspective. Sinauer Associates Incorporated, 1998. Wagner, Gunter P...
82. Abraham 2014, pp. 82–83. Jaschik, Scott (April 3, 2007). "Furor Over Norm Finkelstein". Inside Higher Education. Archived from the original on March...
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