Privately owned multi-system locomotive designed for freight and passenger trains near the Danish-German border.Passenger-km in the five largest countries from 1998 to 2020[1]
Rail transport in Europe is characterized by the diversity of technological standards, operating concepts, and infrastructures. Common features are the widespread deployment of standard-gauge rail, high operational safety and a high share of electrification. Electrified railway networks operate at a plethora of different voltages AC and DC varying from 750 to 25,000 volts, and signaling systems vary from country to country, complicating cross-border traffic.
The European Union aims to make cross-border operations easier as well as to introduce competition to national rail networks. EU member states were able to separate the provision of transport services and the management of the infrastructure by the Single European Railway Directive 2012. Usually, national railway companies were split to separate divisions or independent companies for infrastructure, passenger and freight operations. The passenger operations may be further divided to long-distance and regional services, because regional services often operate under public service obligations (which maintain services which are not economically interesting to private companies but nonetheless produce societal benefit), while long-distance services usually operate without subsidies.
A narrow gauge train at a station in Spain
Across the European Union, passenger rail transport saw a 50% increase between 2021 and 2022, and reached 245 billion traveled miles. The trend is expected to continue and rapid investments in European Union railways are underway.[2]
^McClanahan, Paige (2024-01-04). "In Europe, a Rail Renaissance is Underway". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2024-01-09. Retrieved 2024-01-13.
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