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The Pullman Strike was two interrelated strikes in 1894 that shaped national labor policy in the United States during a period of deep economic depression. First came a strike by the American Railway Union (ARU) against the Pullman factory in Chicago in spring 1894. When it failed, the ARU launched a national boycott against all trains that carried Pullman passenger cars.[1] The nationwide railroad boycott that lasted from May 11 to July 20, 1894, was a turning point for US labor law. It pitted the American Railway Union (ARU) against the Pullman Company, the main railroads, the main labor unions, and the federal government of the United States under President Grover Cleveland. The strike and boycott shut down much of the nation's freight and passenger traffic west of Detroit, Michigan. The conflict began in Chicago, on May 11 when nearly 4,000 factory employees of the Pullman Company began a wildcat strike in response to recent reductions in wages. Most of the factory workers who built Pullman cars lived in the "company town" of Pullman just outside of Chicago. Jennie Curtis who lived in Pullman was president of seamstress union ARU LOCAL 269 gave a speech at the ARU convention urging people to strike.[2] It was designed as a model community by its namesake founder and owner George Pullman.[3]
As the Panic of 1893 weakened much of the economy, railroad companies ceased purchasing new passenger cars made by Pullman. When his company laid off workers and lowered wages, it did not reduce rents, and the workers called for a strike. Among the reasons for the strike were the absence of democracy within the town of Pullman and its politics, the rigid paternalistic control of the workers by the company, excessive water and gas rates, and a refusal by the company to allow workers to buy and own houses.[4] They had not yet formed a union.[3] Founded in 1893 by Eugene V. Debs, the American Railway Union (ARU) was an organization of railroad workers. Debs brought in ARU organizers to Pullman and signed up many of the disgruntled factory workers.[3] When the Pullman Company refused recognition of the ARU or any negotiations, ARU called a strike against the factory, but it showed no sign of success. To win the strike, Debs decided to stop the movement of Pullman cars on railroads. The over-the-rail Pullman employees (such as conductors and porters) did not go on strike.[3]
Debs and the ARU called a massive boycott against all trains that carried a Pullman car. It affected most rail lines west of Detroit and at its peak involved some 250,000 workers in 27 states.[5] The American Federation of Labor (AFL) opposed the boycott because the ARU was trying to take its membership. The high prestige railroad brotherhoods of Conductors and Engineers were opposed to the boycott. The Fireman brotherhood—of which Debs had been a prominent leader—was split.[6] The General Managers' Association of the railroads coordinated the opposition. Thirty people were killed in riots in Chicago alone.[7] Historian David Ray Papke, building on the work of Almont Lindsey published in 1942, estimated another 40 were killed in other states.[8] Property damage exceeded $80 million.[9]
The federal government obtained an injunction against the union, Debs, and other boycott leaders, ordering them to stop interfering with trains that carried mail cars. After the strikers refused, President Grover Cleveland ordered in the Army to stop the strikers from obstructing the trains. Violence broke out in many cities, and the strike collapsed. Defended by a team including Clarence Darrow, Debs was convicted of violating a court order and sentenced to prison; the ARU then dissolved.
^A standard scholarly history is Almont Lindsey, The Pullman strike : the story of a unique experiment and of a great labor upheaval (1942) online
^https://www.nps.gov/people/jennie-curtis.htm
^ abcd"The Pullman Strike and Boycott". Annals of American History. Retrieved January 24, 2014.[permanent dead link]
^Roark, James L.; Johnson, Michael P.; Furstenburg, Francois; Cline Cohen, Patricia; Hartmann, Susan M.; Stage, Sarah; Igo, Sarah E. (2020). "Chapter 20 Dissent, Depression, and War: 1890–1900". The American Promise: A History of the United States (Kindle). Vol. Combined Volume (Value Edition, 8th ed.). Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin's. Kindle Location 15016. ISBN 978-1319208929. OCLC 1096495503.
^"Pullman Strike | United States history". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved November 16, 2017.
^White (2011) p 436.
^Ray Ginger; et al. (1962). Eugene V. Debs. Macmillan. p. 170.
^Papke, David Ray (1999). The Pullman Case: The Clash of Labor and Capital in Industrial America. Landmark law cases & American society. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. pp. 35–37. ISBN 978-0-7006-0954-3.
^John R. Commons; et al. (1918). History of Labour in the United States. Vol. 2. Macmillan. p. 502.
The PullmanStrike was two interrelated strikes in 1894 that shaped national labor policy in the United States during a period of deep economic depression...
led to the PullmanStrike due to the high rent prices charged for company housing and low wages paid by the Pullman Company. His Pullman Company also...
ownership of sleeper cars. During a severe economic downturn, the 1894 PullmanStrike by company workers proved to be a transformative moment in American...
victory in a strike on the Great Northern Railroad in the summer of 1894. This successful strike was followed by the bitter 1894 PullmanStrike in which government...
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the Pullman Company and became one of the most well-known company towns in the United States, as well as the scene of the violent 1894 Pullmanstrike. It...
1894 PullmanStrike, in which the employees of the Pullman Palace Car Factory in Chicago decided to go on strike after industrialist George Pullman refused...
policymaker, but also garnered criticism. He intervened in the 1894 PullmanStrike to keep the railroads moving, angering both Illinois Democrats and labor...
attorney general, Olney used injunctions against striking workers in the Pullmanstrike, setting a precedent, and advised the use of federal troops, when legal...
Lindsey, The PullmanStrike, p. 301. Staff. "Pullman Car, Sunbeam". Hildene, The Lincoln Family Home. Upon the death of George Pullman in 1897, Robert...
in the Haymarket Affair, and rejected calls in 1894 to break up the Pullmanstrike by force. In 1896 he was a leader of the progressive wing of the Democratic...
Look up Pullman in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Pullman may refer to: Pullman, Chicago, Illinois Pullman, Michigan Pullman, Texas Pullman, Washington...
strikes in the country are wildcat strikes. PullmanStrike (Illinois, 1894) Putilov Factory strike (Petrograd, Russia, 1917) Victorian Police strike (Australia...
largest and most dramatic strike was the 1894 PullmanStrike, a coordinated effort to shut down the national railroad system. The strike was led by the upstart...
railroad strike since the American Railway Union's PullmanStrike of 1894 and the biggest American strike of any kind since the Great Steel Strike of 1919...
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Newspaper strike of 1912 The Chicago railroad strike of 1877 The 1894 PullmanStrike, which took place in the Chicago neighborhood of Pullman The 1886...
supported their strike by launching a boycott of all Pullman cars on all railroads. ARU members across the nation refused to switch Pullman cars onto trains...
statutory holiday. Labor Day became a federal holiday shortly after the PullmanStrike. The date of May 1 (an ancient European folk holiday known as May Day)...
Tariff Act to become law. He also ordered federal soldiers to crush the PullmanStrike. In foreign policy, Cleveland resisted the annexation of Hawaii and...
resulting in the PullmanStrike of 1894. A national commission formed to investigate the causes of the strikes found that Pullman's paternalism was partly...
military occupation of Los Angeles by federal troops since the 1894 PullmanStrike, and also the first federal military intervention in an American city...
costly shutdowns for unions or employer. The PullmanStrike was a major strike in America that cost the Pullman Company millions lost revenue however, over...
example is the PullmanStrike in 1894, where almost 4,000 workers who were members of the American Railway Union (ARU) went on a strike without permission...
a year. The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 was the first strike that spread across multiple states in the U.S. The strike finally ended 52 days later...