For other uses, see Provinces and territories of Canada, Ecclesiastical Province of Canada, and Canada (New France).
"Canada West" redirects here. For the athletic association, see Canada West Universities Athletic Association.
"United Canadas" and "Colony of Canada" redirect here. For other uses, see Canadas (disambiguation) and Canada (disambiguation).
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Province of Canada
Province du Canada(French)
1841–1867
Flag
Coat of arms
Anthem: God Save the Queen
Status
British colony
Capital
Kingston 1841–1844
Montreal 1844–1849
Toronto 1849–1851, 1855–1859
Quebec City 1851–1855, 1859–1865
Ottawa 1865–1867
Official languages
English • French
Religion
Church of England Established Church in Canada West (1841-1854)[1][2]
Government
Responsible government under a constitutional monarchy
Monarch
• 1841–1867
Queen Victoria
Governor General
• 1841
Charles Poulett Thomson, 1st Baron Sydenham
• 1861–1867
Charles Monck, 4th Viscount Monck
Premier
• 1841–1842
Samuel Harrison
Legislature
Parliament of the Province of Canada
• Upper house
Legislative Council
• Lower house
Legislative Assembly
Historical era
Pre-Confederation era
• Act of Union
10 February 1841
• Responsible government
11 March 1848
• Canadian Confederation
1 July 1867
Population
• 1860–61
2,507,657
Currency
Canadian pound 1841–1858
Canadian dollar 1858–1867
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Upper Canada
Lower Canada
Canada
Today part of
Canada
Ontario
Quebec
The Province of Canada (or the United Province of Canada or the United Canadas) was a British colony in British North America from 1841 to 1867. Its formation reflected recommendations made by John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham, in the Report on the Affairs of British North America following the Rebellions of 1837–1838.
The Act of Union 1840, passed on 23 July 1840 by the British Parliament and proclaimed by the Crown on 10 February 1841,[3] merged the Colonies of Upper Canada and Lower Canada by abolishing their separate parliaments and replacing them with a single one with two houses, a Legislative Council as the upper chamber and the Legislative Assembly as the lower chamber. In the aftermath of the Rebellions of 1837–1838, unification of the two Canadas was driven by two factors. Firstly, Upper Canada was near bankruptcy because it lacked stable tax revenues, and needed the resources of the more populous Lower Canada to fund its internal transportation improvements. Secondly, unification was an attempt to swamp the French vote by giving each of the former provinces the same number of parliamentary seats, despite the larger population of Lower Canada.
Although Durham's report had called for the Union of the Canadas and for responsible government (a government accountable to an independent local legislature), only the first of the two recommendations was implemented in 1841. For the first seven years, the government was led by an appointed governor general accountable only to the British government. Responsible government was not achieved until the second LaFontaine–Baldwin ministry in 1849, when Governor General James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin, agreed that the cabinet would be formed by the largest party in the Legislative Assembly, making the premier the head of the government and reducing the governor general to a more symbolic role.
The Province of Canada ceased to exist at Canadian Confederation on 1 July 1867, when it was divided into the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec. Ontario included the area occupied by the pre-1841 British colony of Upper Canada, while Quebec included the area occupied by the pre-1841 British colony of Lower Canada (which had included Labrador until 1809, when Labrador was transferred to the British colony of Newfoundland).[4] Upper Canada was primarily English-speaking, whereas Lower Canada was primarily French-speaking.
^Ian S. Markham et al (2013). The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to the Anglican Communion. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 138–39. ISBN 9781118320860.
^Curtis Fahey, In His Name: The Anglican Experience in Upper Canada, 1791–1854 (McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 1991).
^"Province of Canada 1841–67". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
^"Labrador–Canada boundary". Marianopolis College. 2007. Retrieved 20 March 2008. Labrador Act 1809. – An imperial act (49 Geo. III, cap. 27), 1809, provided for the re-annexation to Newfoundland of 'such parts of the coast of Labrador from the River St John to Hudson's Streights, and the said Island of Anticosti, and all other smaller islands so annexed to the Government of Newfoundland by the said Proclamation of the seventh day of October one thousand seven hundred and sixty-three (except the said Islands of Madelaine) shall be separated from the said Government of Lower Canada, and be again re-annexed to the Government of Newfoundland.
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