Protein nanotechnology is a burgeoning field of research that integrates the diverse physicochemical properties of proteins with nanoscale technology. This field assimilated into pharmaceutical research to give rise to a new classification of nanoparticles termed protein (or protein-based) nanoparticles (PNPs). PNPs garnered significant interest due to their favorable pharmacokinetic properties such as high biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low toxicity[1][2][3][4][5] Together, these characteristics have the potential to overcome the challenges encountered with synthetic NPs drug delivery strategies. These existing challenges including low bioavailability, a slow excretion rate, high toxicity, and a costly manufacturing process, will open the door to considerable therapeutic advancements within oncology, theranostics, and clinical translational research.[2][4]
Continued advancement within this field is required for the clinical translation of PNPs. As of 2022, only one PNP formulation (Abraxane) and five VLPs (Gardasil, Ceravix, Mosquirix, Sci-B-Vac, Gardasil9) are approved by the FDA for clinical use. FDA approval of PNPs formulations is restrained by complications arising from in-vivo interactions between PNPs and the biological environment that jeopardize their safety or function.[6][7] For example, PNPs may undergo protein conformation changes, form a protein corona, or induce inflammation and may risk patient well-being.[4]
^Hawkins, Michael J.; Soon-Shiong, Patrick; Desai, Neil (22 May 2008). "Protein nanoparticles as drug carriers in Clinical Medicine". Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 60 (8): 876–885. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2007.08.044. PMID 18423779. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
^ abWeber, C.; Coester, C.; Kreuter, J.; Langer, K. (20 January 2000). "Desolvation process and surface characterisation of protein nanoparticles". International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 194 (1): 91–102. doi:10.1016/S0378-5173(99)00370-1. PMID 10601688. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
^Verma, Madan L.; Dhanya, B. S.; Rani, Varsha; Thakur, Meenu; Jeslin, J.; Kushwaha, Rekha (July 2020). "Carbohydrate and protein based biopolymeric nanoparticles: Current status and biotechnological applications". International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 154: 390–412. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.105. PMID 32194126. S2CID 213192697. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
^ abcSripriyalakshmi, S.; Jose, Pinkybel; Ravindran, Aswathy; Anjali, C. H. (September 2014). "Recent trends in drug delivery system using protein nanoparticles". Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics. 70 (1): 17–26. doi:10.1007/s12013-014-9896-5. PMID 24668188. S2CID 16072472. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
^Mahmoudi, Morteza; Lynch, Iseult; Ejtehadi, Mohammad Reza; Monopoli, Marco P.; Bombelli, Francesca Baldelli; Laurent, Sophie (2011). "Protein−nanoparticle interactions: Opportunities and challenges". Chemical Reviews. 111 (9): 5610–5637. doi:10.1021/cr100440g. PMID 21688848. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
^Bobo, Daniel; Robinson, Kye J.; Islam, Jiaul; Thurecht, Kristofer J.; Corrie, Simon R. (October 2016). "Nanoparticle-Based Medicines: A review of FDA-approved materials and clinical trials to date". Pharmaceutical Research. 33 (10): 2373–2387. doi:10.1007/s11095-016-1958-5. PMID 27299311. S2CID 4973499. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
^Choi, Young Hee; Han, Hyo-Kyung (January 2018). "Nanomedicines: Current status and future perspectives in aspect of drug delivery and pharmacokinetics". Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation. 48 (1): 43–60. doi:10.1007/s40005-017-0370-4. PMC 6244736. PMID 30546919.
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