Propane information

Propane
Skeletal formula of propane	Skeletal formula of propane with all implicit carbons shown, and all explicit hydrogens added
Ball and stick model of propane	Spacefill model of propane
Names
	Preferred IUPAC name Propane
	Systematic IUPAC name Tricarbane (never recommended)
Identifiers
CAS Number	74-98-6 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
Beilstein Reference	1730718
ChEBI	CHEBI:32879 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL135416 ;
ChemSpider	6094 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.000.753
EC Number	200-827-9;
E number	E944 (glazing agents, ...)
Gmelin Reference	25044
KEGG	D05625 ;
PubChem CID	6334;
RTECS number	TX2275000;
UNII	T75W9911L6 ;
UN number	1978
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID5026386 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C3H8/c1-3-2/h3H2,1-2H3 Key: ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;
	SMILES CCC;
Properties
Chemical formula	C3H8
Molar mass	44.097 g·mol−1
Appearance	Colorless gas
Odor	Odorless
Density	2.0098 kg/m3 (at 0 °C, 101.3 kPa)
Melting point	−187.7 °C; −305.8 °F; 85.5 K
Boiling point	−42.25 to −42.04 °C; −44.05 to −43.67 °F; 230.90 to 231.11 K
Critical point (T, P)	370 K (97 °C; 206 °F), 4.23 MPa (41.7 atm)
Solubility in water	47 mg⋅L−1 (at 0 °C)
log P	2.236
Vapor pressure	853.16 kPa (at 21.1 °C (70.0 °F))
Henry's law; constant (kH)	15 nmol⋅Pa−1⋅kg−1
Conjugate acid	Propanium
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	−40.5 × 10−6 cm3/mol
Dipole moment	0.083 D
Thermochemistry
Heat capacity (C)	73.60 J⋅K−1⋅mol−1
Std enthalpy of; formation (ΔfH⦵298)	−105.2–104.2 kJ⋅mol−1
Std enthalpy of; combustion (ΔcH⦵298)	−2.2197–2.2187 MJ⋅mol−1
Hazards
	GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Danger
Hazard statements	H220
Precautionary statements	P210
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	2 4 0
Flash point	−104 °C (−155 °F; 169 K)
Autoignition; temperature	470 °C (878 °F; 743 K)
Explosive limits	2.37–9.5%
	NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)	TWA 1,000 ppm (1,800 mg/m3)
REL (Recommended)	TWA 1,000 ppm (1,800 mg/m3)
IDLH (Immediate danger)	2,100 ppm
Related compounds
Related alkanes	ethane; butane; isobutane;
Related compounds	propene; allene; cyclopropane;
Supplementary data page
	Propane (data page)
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Propane (/ˈproʊpeɪn/) is a three-carbon alkane with the molecular formula C₃H₈. It is a gas at standard temperature and pressure, but compressible to a transportable liquid. A by-product of natural gas processing and petroleum refining, it is commonly used as a fuel in domestic and industrial applications and in low-emissions public transportation. Discovered in 1857 by the French chemist Marcellin Berthelot, it became commercially available in the US by 1911. Propane is one of a group of liquefied petroleum gases (LP gases). The others include propylene, butane, butylene, butadiene, isobutylene, and mixtures thereof. Propane has lower volumetric energy density, but higher gravimetric energy density and burns more cleanly than gasoline and coal.^[6]

Propane gas has become a popular choice for barbecues and portable stoves because its low −42 °C boiling point makes it vaporise inside pressurised liquid containers (it exists in two phases, vapor above liquid). It retains its ability to vaporise even in cold weather, making it better-suited for outdoor use in cold climates than alternatives with higher boiling points like butane.^[7] Propane powers buses, forklifts, automobiles, outboard boat motors, and ice resurfacing machines, and is used for heat and cooking in recreational vehicles and campers. Propane is becoming popular as a replacement refrigerant (R290) for heatpumps also as it offers greater efficiency than the current refrigerants: R410A / R32, higher temperature heat output and less damage to the atmosphere for escaped gasses - at the expense of high gas flammability.^[8]

^ ^a ^b "Front Matter". Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry : IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book). Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. 2014. p. 4. doi:10.1039/9781849733069-FP001. ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4. Similarly, the retained names 'ethane', 'propane', and 'butane' were never replaced by systematic names 'dicarbane', 'tricarbane', and 'tetracarbane' as recommended for analogues of silane, 'disilane'; phosphane, 'triphosphane'; and sulfane, 'tetrasulfane'.
^ Lide, David R. Jr. (1960). "Microwave Spectrum, Structure, and Dipole Moment of Propane". J. Chem. Phys. 33 (5): 1514–1518. Bibcode:1960JChPh..33.1514L. doi:10.1063/1.1731434.
^ Record of Propane in the GESTIS Substance Database of the Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
^ ^a ^b ^c NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0524". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
^ GOV, NOAA Office of Response and Restoration, US. "PROPANE – CAMEO Chemicals – NOAA". cameochemicals.noaa.gov.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Fuels". www.globalfueleconomy.org. Retrieved 2022-04-12.
^ "The difference between butane and propane". Calor Gas News and Views. Calor Gas Ltd UK.
^ "Propane". vasa.org.au. Retrieved 2024-05-11.

[iupac2013-1] "Front Matter". Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry : IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book). Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. 2014. p. 4. doi:10.1039/9781849733069-FP001. ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4. Similarly, the retained names 'ethane', 'propane', and 'butane' were never replaced by systematic names 'dicarbane', 'tricarbane', and 'tetracarbane' as recommended for analogues of silane, 'disilane'; phosphane, 'triphosphane'; and sulfane, 'tetrasulfane'.

[2] Lide, David R. Jr. (1960). "Microwave Spectrum, Structure, and Dipole Moment of Propane". J. Chem. Phys. 33 (5): 1514–1518. Bibcode:1960JChPh..33.1514L. doi:10.1063/1.1731434.

[GESTIS-3] Record of Propane in the GESTIS Substance Database of the Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

[PGCH-4] NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0524". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

[5] GOV, NOAA Office of Response and Restoration, US. "PROPANE – CAMEO Chemicals – NOAA". cameochemicals.noaa.gov.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[6] "Fuels". www.globalfueleconomy.org. Retrieved 2022-04-12.

[7] "The difference between butane and propane". Calor Gas News and Views. Calor Gas Ltd UK.

[8] "Propane". vasa.org.au. Retrieved 2024-05-11.

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