Porphyromonas gingivalis belongs to the phylum Bacteroidota and is a nonmotile, Gram-negative, rod-shaped, anaerobic, pathogenic bacterium. It forms black colonies on blood agar.
It is found in the oral cavity, where it is implicated in periodontal disease,[1] as well as in the upper gastrointestinal tract, the respiratory tract, and the colon. It has been isolated from women with bacterial vaginosis.[2]
Collagen degradation observed in chronic periodontal disease results in part from the collagenase enzymes of this species. It has been shown in an in vitro study that P. gingivalis can invade human gingival fibroblasts and can survive in the presence of antibiotics.[3]P. gingivalis invades gingival epithelial cells in high numbers, in which case both bacteria and epithelial cells survive for extended periods of time. High levels of specific antibodies can be detected in patients harboring P. gingivalis.
P. gingivalis infection has been linked to Alzheimer's disease[4] and rheumatoid arthritis. It contains the enzyme peptidyl-arginine deiminase, which is involved in citrullination.[5] Patients with rheumatoid arthritis have increased incidence of periodontal disease;[6] antibodies against the bacterium are significantly more common in these patients.[7]
P. gingivalis is divided into K-serotypes based upon capsular antigenicity of the various types.[8] These serotypes have been the drivers of observations regarding bacterial cell to cell interactions to the associated serotype-dependent immune response and risk with pancreatic cancer.[9][10]
^Naito M, Hirakawa H, Yamashita A, Ohara N, Shoji M, Yukitake H, et al. (August 2008). "Determination of the genome sequence of Porphyromonas gingivalis strain ATCC 33277 and genomic comparison with strain W83 revealed extensive genome rearrangements in P. gingivalis". DNA Research. 15 (4): 215–25. doi:10.1093/dnares/dsn013. PMC 2575886. PMID 18524787.
^Africa CW, Nel J, Stemmet M (July 2014). "Anaerobes and bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy: virulence factors contributing to vaginal colonisation". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 11 (7): 6979–7000. doi:10.3390/ijerph110706979. PMC 4113856. PMID 25014248.
^Irshad M, van der Reijden WA, Crielaard W, Laine ML (December 2012). "In vitro invasion and survival of Porphyromonas gingivalis in gingival fibroblasts; role of the capsule". Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis. 60 (6): 469–76. doi:10.1007/s00005-012-0196-8. PMID 22949096. S2CID 14254746.
^Dominy SS, Lynch C, Ermini F, Benedyk M, Marczyk A, Konradi A, et al. (January 2019). "Porphyromonas gingivalis in Alzheimer's disease brains: Evidence for disease causation and treatment with small-molecule inhibitors". Science Advances. 5 (1): eaau3333. Bibcode:2019SciA....5.3333D. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aau3333. PMC 6357742. PMID 30746447.
^Wegner N, Wait R, Sroka A, Eick S, Nguyen KA, Lundberg K, et al. (September 2010). "Peptidylarginine deiminase from Porphyromonas gingivalis citrullinates human fibrinogen and α-enolase: implications for autoimmunity in rheumatoid arthritis". Arthritis and Rheumatism. 62 (9): 2662–72. doi:10.1002/art.27552. PMC 2941529. PMID 20506214.
^Berthelot JM, Le Goff B (December 2010). "Rheumatoid arthritis and periodontal disease". Joint Bone Spine. 77 (6): 537–41. doi:10.1016/j.jbspin.2010.04.015. PMID 20646949.
^Ogrendik M, Kokino S, Ozdemir F, Bird PS, Hamlet S (June 2005). "Serum antibodies to oral anaerobic bacteria in patients with rheumatoid arthritis". MedGenMed. 7 (2): 2. PMC 1681585. PMID 16369381.
^American Academy of Periodontology 2010 In-Service Exam, question A-85
^Michaud DS, Izard J, Wilhelm-Benartzi CS, You DH, Grote VA, Tjønneland A, et al. (December 2013). "Plasma antibodies to oral bacteria and risk of pancreatic cancer in a large European prospective cohort study". Gut. 62 (12): 1764–70. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2012-303006. PMC 3815505. PMID 22990306.
^Rosen G, Sela MN (March 2006). "Coaggregation of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum PK 1594 is mediated by capsular polysaccharide and lipopolysaccharide". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 256 (2): 304–10. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00131.x. PMID 16499621.
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