Polymorphic toxins (PTs) are multi-domain proteins primarily involved in competition between bacteria but also involved in pathogenesis when injected in eukaryotic cells.[1][2] They are found in all major bacterial clades.[3]
Bacteria live in complex multispecies communities such as biofilms and human-associated microbiotas. The dynamics and structure of these communities are greatly influenced by interbacterial competition through the secretion of toxic effectors. Bacteria have evolved several systems to outcompete their neighbors by poisoning them through a contact-dependent killing (including effectors of type V and VI secretion systems) or the release of soluble toxins (including colicins) in the environment.
^Hayes, C. S; Koskiniemi, S; Ruhe, Z. C; Poole, S. J; Low, D. A (2014). "Mechanisms and Biological Roles of Contact-Dependent Growth Inhibition Systems". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 4 (2): a010025. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a010025. PMC 3904093. PMID 24492845.
^Jamet, Anne; Nassif, Xavier (2015). "New Players in the Toxin Field: Polymorphic Toxin Systems in Bacteria". mBio. 6 (3): e00285–15. doi:10.1128/mBio.00285-15. PMC 4436062. PMID 25944858.
^Zhang, Dapeng; De Souza, Robson F; Anantharaman, Vivek; Iyer, Lakshminarayan M; Aravind, L (2012). "Polymorphic toxin systems: Comprehensive characterization of trafficking modes, processing, mechanisms of action, immunity and ecology using comparative genomics". Biology Direct. 7: 18. doi:10.1186/1745-6150-7-18. PMC 3482391. PMID 22731697.
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AB5 toxin) By domain architecture of the toxin (for example, polymorphictoxins) By the ability of the toxin to endure in hostile environments, such as...
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case, toxic arthropods – from which they absorb and reuse the consumed toxins. The secretion of these chemicals is released by the granular glands of...
environmental drivers suggest the role of evolutionary processes in a polymorphic species". Evolutionary Ecology. 37 (3): 419–434. doi:10.1007/s10682-023-10234-8...
lipophilic alkaloid toxins, and the toxins are then absorbed by the frog and used as a defense mechanism. These frogs cannot produce the toxins by themselves...
In one study, this toxin was present where there was infection risk, but at low concentration. There is a wide arsenal of toxins produced by S. atra...
infection. Other causes include bacterial infections, certain medications, toxins and autoimmune disorders. A diagnosis may be supported by an electrocardiogram...
Examples include the crotamine toxin in snake venom, many scorpion toxins, some sea anemone toxins, and one of the toxins in platypus venom. Indeed, an...
phenotypes exist in the same population of a species, the species is called polymorphic. A well-documented example of polymorphism is Labrador Retriever coloring;...
are released upon infection as extracellular mature toxins. The sequences of these bacterial toxins are relatively conserved among the different subgroups...
1007/978-94-009-3105-3_16. ISBN 978-94-010-7896-2. Brakefield, Paul M. (1985). "Polymorphic Müllerian mimicry and interactions with thermal melanism in ladybirds...
veligers, juveniles, or adult mussels. The genus Dreissena is highly polymorphic and prolific with high potential for rapid adaptation attributing to...
through their entire life cycle.[citation needed] Butterflies are often polymorphic, and many species make use of camouflage, mimicry, and aposematism to...
plant contain toxins that deter herbivorous animals. However, some Heliconius butterfly larvae have evolved enzymes that break down these toxins, allowing...
These diseases can be inherited or acquired by other disorders, drugs, or toxins. Mutations in genes encoding ion channels, which impair channel function...
case of D. tinctorius, the toxins cause pain, cramping, and stiffness when the frogs are handled roughly. Due to the toxins of the frogs, animals that...
irregular heartbeat. Causes include genetics, alcohol, cocaine, certain toxins, complications of pregnancy, and certain infections. Coronary artery disease...
Mesobuthus eupeus is a polymorphic scorpion species belonging to the well-known family Buthidae. Commonly known as the lesser Asian scorpion or the mottled...
umami flavor and a meaty texture. When cultivating Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) can be used in the mushroom industry for the classification...
order contains 175 species described thus far. Siphonophores are highly polymorphic and complex organisms. Although they may appear to be individual organisms...
pea and bean family, Fabaceae, that is endemic to Hawaii. It is highly polymorphic, growing as a shrub or tree, and able to reach a height of 15 m (49 ft)...
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