Structure of poly-(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate (P3HB), a polyhydroxyalkanoateChemical structures of P3HB, PHV and their copolymer PHBV
Polyhydroxyalkanoates or PHAs are polyesters produced in nature by numerous microorganisms, including through bacterial fermentation of sugars or lipids.[1] When produced by bacteria they serve as both a source of energy and as a carbon store. More than 150 different monomers can be combined within this family to give materials with extremely different properties.[2] These plastics are biodegradable and are used in the production of bioplastics.[3]
They can be either thermoplastic or elastomeric materials,[citation needed] with melting points ranging from 40 to 180 °C.[citation needed]
The mechanical properties and biocompatibility of PHA can also be changed by blending, modifying the surface or combining PHA with other polymers, enzymes and inorganic materials, making it possible for a wider range of applications.[4]
^Lu, Jingnan; Tappel, Ryan C.; Nomura, Christopher T. (2009-08-05). "Mini-Review: Biosynthesis of Poly(hydroxyalkanoates)". Polymer Reviews. 49 (3): 226–248. doi:10.1080/15583720903048243. ISSN 1558-3724. S2CID 96937618.
^Doi, Yoshiharu; Steinbuchel, Alexander (2002). Biopolymers. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-30225-3.[page needed]
^Bhubalan, Kesaven; Lee, Wing-Hin; Sudesh, Kumar (2011-05-03), Domb, Abraham J.; Kumar, Neeraj; Ezra, Aviva (eds.), "Polyhydroxyalkanoate", Biodegradable Polymers in Clinical Use and Clinical Development, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 247–315, doi:10.1002/9781118015810.ch8, ISBN 978-1-118-01581-0
^Michael, Anne John (September 12, 2004). "Polyhydroxyalkanoates for tissue engineering". Archived from the original on January 28, 2007.
and 29 Related for: Polyhydroxyalkanoates information
Polyhydroxyalkanoates or PHAs are polyesters produced in nature by numerous microorganisms, including through bacterial fermentation of sugars or lipids...
from natural origins, such as plants, animals, or micro-organisms. Polyhydroxyalkanoates are a class of biodegradable plastic naturally produced by various...
bioplastics, such as polylactic acid, polybutylene succinate, or polyhydroxyalkanoates, exist. Bioplastics must be recycled similar to fossil-based plastics...
Wu, Ho-Shing; Wei, Yu-Hong; Wang, Shaw S. (2007). "Solubility of polyhydroxyalkanoates by experiment and thermodynamic correlations". AIChE Journal. 53...
the genus Azomonas are known to form intracellular inclusions of polyhydroxyalkanoates under certain environmental conditions (e.g. lack of elements such...
cutan (complex polymers of long-chain fatty acids), melanin, and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). In addition to their many essential roles in living organisms...
nutrient storage granules, such as glycogen, polyphosphate, sulfur or polyhydroxyalkanoates. Bacteria such as the photosynthetic cyanobacteria, produce internal...
hyaluronic acid, organic acids, oligosaccharides polysaccharide and polyhydroxyalkanoates. Microorganisms are beneficial for microbial biodegradation or bioremediation...
response to nutrient limitation and environmental stress. Although polyhydroxyalkanoates have a microbial origin and are often exploited for commercial use...
cells, and stomatal cells when plant tissue is properly stained. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are produced by bacteria as inclusion bodies. The size of...
convert styrene oil into various biodegradable plastic|biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoates. Microbial communities isolated from soil samples mixed with starch...
putida can also convert styrene oil into various biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoates. Some cities have banned the use of foam take-out containers, notably...
Egede; Skiadas, Ioannis V.; Gavala, Hariklia N. (2018). "Combined polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) and 1,3-propanediol production from crude glycerol: Selective...
genus Acinetobacter are known to form intracellular inclusions of polyhydroxyalkanoates under certain environmental conditions (e.g. lack of elements such...
may accumulate an array of different lipid compounds, including polyhydroxyalkanoates, triacylglycerols, and wax esters. Various microorganisms, including...
Paraburkholderia sacchari was found to be capable of creating and accumulating polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) by incorporating different monomers. This strain was subject...
Recombinant strains pBE2C1 and pBE2C1AB were used in production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), and malt waste can be used as their carbon source for lower-cost...
environmental pollutant. D. acidovorans can be used to manufacture polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), a favorable alternative towards traditional plastic equipment...
Scientific owns the patent for Nodax medium-chain-length branched polyhydroxyalkanoates, mcl-PHA. The company uses PHA and other biopolymers to create a...
200 nanometers thick. The archaea generally contain granules of polyhydroxyalkanoates and hold a number of refractive vacuoles filled with gas that ensure...
For example, many bacteria store excess carbon in the form of polyhydroxyalkanoates or glycogen. Some microbes store soluble nutrients such as nitrate...
Yao J, Zhang G, Wu Q, Chen GQ, Zhang R (May 1999). "Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates by Pseudomonas nitroreducens". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 75 (4):...
Azotobacter are also known to form intracellular inclusions of polyhydroxyalkanoates under certain environmental conditions (e.g. lack of elements such...
which can once again be converted into a biodegradable plastic (Polyhydroxyalkanoates). She launched the company Mango Materials in 2010, which was named...
plastic, but it requires very specific conditions to break down fully. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), derived from plant oil, is marine biodegradable. In 2021,...
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