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Baltimore Checkerspot (Euphydryas phaeton) nectaring at daisy (Argyranthemum)
Pollination syndromes are suites of flower traits that have evolved in response to natural selection imposed by different pollen vectors, which can be abiotic (wind and water) or biotic, such as birds, bees, flies, and so forth through a process called pollinator-mediated selection.[1][page needed][2][page needed] These traits include flower shape, size, colour, odour, reward type and amount, nectar composition, timing of flowering, etc. For example, tubular red flowers with copious nectar often attract birds; foul smelling flowers attract carrion flies or beetles, etc.
The "classical" pollination syndromes were first studied in the 19th century by the Italian botanist Federico Delpino. Although they are useful in understanding of plant-pollinator interactions, sometimes the pollinator of a plant species cannot be accurately predicted from the pollination syndrome alone, and caution must be exerted in making assumptions.[3]
The naturalist Charles Darwin surmised that the flower of the orchid Angraecum sesquipedale was pollinated by a then undiscovered moth with a proboscis whose length was unprecedented at the time. His prediction had gone unverified until 21 years after his death, when the moth was discovered and his conjecture vindicated. The story of its postulated pollinator has come to be seen as one of the celebrated predictions of the theory of evolution.[4]
^Faegri & Pijl 1980.
^Proctor M; P. Yeo; A. Lack (1996). The natural history of pollination. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-88192-352-0.
^Ollerton J.; Alarcón R.; Waser N.M.; Price M.V.; Watts S.; Cranmer L.; Hingston A. Peter; Rotenberry J. (2009). "A global test of the pollination syndrome hypothesis". Annals of Botany. 103 (9): 1471–1480. doi:10.1093/aob/mcp031. PMC 2701765. PMID 19218577.
^Arditti, Joseph; Elliott, John; Kitching, Ian J.; Wasserthal, Lutz T. (2012). "'Good Heavens what insect can suck it'- Charles Darwin, Angraecum sesquipedale and Xanthopan morganii praedicta". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 169 (3): 403–432. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01250.x.
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behavioral syndromes, as well as pollinationsyndromes and seed dispersal syndromes.[citation needed] In orbital mechanics and astronomy, Kessler syndrome refers...
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with their pollinators, have been called pollinationsyndromes, though around one third of flowers cannot be assigned to a single syndrome. Many insects...
features that signify a "beetle pollinationsyndrome". Other floral features of pawpaw indicative of beetle pollination include petals that curve over...
exchange for pollination. Pollination is defined as the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma. There are many vectors for pollination, including...
Ornithophily or bird pollination is the pollination of flowering plants by birds. This sometimes (but not always) coevolutionary association is derived...
flowers are visited by a wide variety of insects (the generalised pollinationsyndrome). Some species in the insect order Lepidoptera frequently use the...
types of insects, and can be characterized by a generalized pollinationsyndrome. Each pollinated flower can produce up to four seeds, which are dispersed...
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hawkmoths would only visit A. pubescens when given a choice. Such a "pollinationsyndrome", being due to flower color and orientation controlled by their genetics...
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are more attractive to pollinators and benefit from increased genetic variability due to cross-pollination. However, pollination experiments for T. chantrieri...
and are visited by many kinds of insects, featuring a generalised pollinationsyndrome. They have erect stems and prickly leaves, with a characteristic...
primarily pollinated using buzz pollination. Plants that rely on buzz pollination have a unique anther shape compared to other flora. In buzz pollinated plants...
inflorescence and distinctive pollinationsyndrome, which uses wasp species belonging to the family Agaonidae for pollination. Specific identification of...
many types of insects, and can be characterized by a generalized pollinationsyndrome, but can also spread by underground rhizomes. All parts of the plant...
many types of insects, and can be characterized by a generalized pollinationsyndrome. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rorippa amphibia. USDA, NRCS...
abortion). Clerodendrum and its relatives have an unusual pollinationsyndrome which avoids self-pollination. This mating system combines dichogamy and herkogamy...
many types of insects, and can be characterized by a generalized pollinationsyndrome. The fruit is a small 3–4 millimetres (1⁄8–5⁄32 in) capsule containing...
various different materials for the purpose of controlling pollination for plants. Pollination bags are designed to fit well over the inflorescence or individual...
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