Hummingbird Phaethornis longirostris on an Etlingera inflorescence
Ornithophily or bird pollination is the pollination of flowering plants by birds. This sometimes (but not always) coevolutionary association is derived from insect pollination (entomophily) and is particularly well developed in some parts of the world, especially in the tropics, Southern Africa, and on some island chains.[1] The association involves several distinctive plant adaptations forming a "pollination syndrome". The plants typically have colourful, often red, flowers with long tubular structures holding ample nectar and orientations of the stamen and stigma that ensure contact with the pollinator. Birds involved in ornithophily tend to be specialist nectarivores with brushy tongues and long bills, that are either capable of hovering flight or light enough to perch on the flower structures.
^Valido A, Dupont YL, Olesen JM (2004). "Bird–flower interactions in the Macaronesian islands" (PDF). J. Biogeogr. 31 (12): 1945–1953. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2004.01116.x. hdl:10261/63423. S2CID 35788157. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-23. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
Ornithophily or bird pollination is the pollination of flowering plants by birds. This sometimes (but not always) coevolutionary association is derived...
ISBN 3-8331-1253-0 Sérsic, A. N.; Cocucci, A. A. (1996). "A Remarkable Case of Ornithophily in Calceolaria : Food Bodies as Rewards for a Non-nectarivorous Bird*"...
Callistemon (bottle brush), Bombax, Butea monosperma and coral trees (see: ornithophily). They parasitise nests of cisticolas, sunbirds and other dome-nesting...
self-pollination. Flowers use animals including: insects (entomophily), birds (ornithophily), bats (chiropterophily), lizards, and even snails and slugs (malacophilae)...
hummingbirds, sunbirds, spiderhunters, honeyeaters, and fruit bats. Ornithophily or bird pollination is the pollination of flowering plants by birds....
that are pollinated by insects (in entomophily), bats, or birds (in ornithophily) have highly specialized flowers modified to promote pollination by a...
pollination, pollinators including insects (entomophily), some birds (ornithophily), and some bats, transfer pollen from a male flower part to a female...
scientific support for instances of the reverse of this divergence: from ornithophily to insect pollination. The diversity in floral phenotype in ornithophilous...
ISBN 84-87334-20-2 Sérsic, A. N.; Cocucci, A. A. (1996). "A Remarkable Case of Ornithophily in Calceolaria : Food Bodies as Rewards for a Non-nectarivorous Bird*"...
pollinated by the Eurasian blue tit, which makes it a rare example of ornithophily at northern latitudes. The species and the yellow-flowered 'Maximea Lutea'...
Impatiens sakeriana supports red inflorescences, a color characteristic of Ornithophily. Each inflorescence supports two protandrous flowers, which begin with...
an epigynous disk at the base of the corolla tube to attract insects. Ornithophily is rare and is found in red-flowered species of Alberta, Bouvardia, and...
of Malawi. 10(1), 5–24. Feehan, J., 1985. Explosive flower opening in ornithophily: a study of pollination mechanisms in some Central African Loranthaceae...
neither species requires the presence of the other to thrive. The term ornithophily is used to describe pollination specifically by birds. Bird pollination...
with an inflorescence consisting of a sterile main stalk adapted for ornithophily, pollination by birds. The plant bears bright red, tubular flowers on...
and recorded their findings in a paper of 2005. Such bird-pollination (ornithophily) is, so far, unique among the thousands of plant species comprising the...
Mabberley, D. J. (1975). "The Giant Lobelias: Pachycauly, biogeography, ornithophily and continental drift". New Phytologist. 74 (2): 365–374. doi:10.1111/j...
Fernández de Castro; J.C. Moreno-Saiz; J. Fuertes-Aguilar (2017). "Ornithophily for the nonspecialist: differential pollination efficiency of the Macaronesian...
5252/z2009n2a7 Sérsic, A. N.; Cocucci, A. A. (1996). "A Remarkable Case of Ornithophily in Calceolaria : Food Bodies as Rewards for a Non-nectarivorous Bird*"...
coined many of the terms still in use such as pollination syndrome and ornithophily. There was an enormous increase in knowledge during this period. In 1874...
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