A rufous hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus) is attracted to brightly colored flowers and assists the pollination of the plant.
Zoophily, or zoogamy, is a form of pollination whereby pollen is transferred by animals, usually by invertebrates but in some cases vertebrates,[1] particularly birds and bats, but also by other animals. Zoophilous species frequently have evolved mechanisms to make themselves more appealing to the particular type of pollinator, e.g. brightly colored or scented flowers, nectar, and appealing shapes and patterns. These plant-animal relationships are often mutually beneficial because of the food source provided in exchange for pollination.
Pollination is defined as the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma.[2] There are many vectors for pollination, including abiotic (wind and water) and biotic (animal). There are benefits and costs associated with any vector. For instance, using animal pollination is beneficial because the process is more directed and often results in pollination. At the same time it is costly for the plant to produce rewards, such as nectar, to attract animal pollinators. Not producing such rewards is one benefit of using abiotic pollinators, but a cost associated with this approach is that the pollen may be distributed more randomly. In general, pollination by animals occurs after they reach inside the flowers for nectar. While feeding on the nectar, the animal rubs or touches the stamens and is covered in pollen. Some of this pollen will be deposited on the stigma of the next flower it visits, pollinating the flower.[3]
^Vogel S (1998). "Floral biology". In Kubitzki K, Huber H (eds.). The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol.3. Flowering plants. Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. 34–48. ISBN 3-540-64060-6. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
^"Pollination". Dictionary.com. 1 December 2006.
^"Biology of Plants: Pollination". Missouri Botanical Garden. 2006. Retrieved 7 November 2006.
Zoophily, or zoogamy, is a form of pollination whereby pollen is transferred by animals, usually by invertebrates but in some cases vertebrates, particularly...
Anopheles) that prefer human blood over animal blood (zoophily, but see other meanings of zoophily). Examples other than haematophagy include geckoes that...
predominantly wind dispersed (anemophily) and dioecious species animal-dispersed (zoophily). About 6 percent of flowering plant species are entirely dioecious and...
to feed on humans (anthropophily) or animals such as cattle or birds (zoophily). Anthropophilic Anopheles are more likely to transmit the malaria parasites...
The existence of insect pollination dates back to the dinosaur era. In zoophily, pollination is performed by vertebrates such as birds and bats, particularly...
Caesalpinioideae and Faboideae is presented in diagram below. Pollination syndrome Zoophily Rees, Abraham (1819). The Cyclopædia: Or, Universal Dictionary of Arts...
Journal of Zoöphily, vol. 15, no. 8 (August 1906), p. 87. "Drinking Fountain for Weary Horses Opened at Junction of Busy Streets," Journal of Zoöphily, vol...
the American Humane Association, and associate editor of the Journal of Zoöphily. Her discoveries of the cruelties of vivisection aroused in Lovell a desire...
self-pollinate while dioecious plants should be most likely to cross-pollinate. Zoophily, or animal pollination, is a method of pollination which utilizes animals...
through the gaps between the anthers, thus coating themselves in pollen. Zoophily: Mammals such as the potoroo (Potorous tridactylus) are known to feed on...
wasps, butterflies, coleopterans, and birds (especially hummingbirds). The zoophily that characterizes orchids presupposes that pollinating animals visit the...
Lobeliaceae and Ericaceae, members of which are associated with hummingbirds. Zoophily (pollination by vertebrates) Valido A, Dupont YL, Olesen JM (2004). "Bird–flower...
such as bees. Animals are also a large contributor to pollination via zoophily. Flowering plants are mainly pollinated by animals, and while invertebrates...
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