Political prisoners in Poland and Polish territories (under the administration of other states) have existed throughout much of the 19th and 20th centuries. In the 19th century, some Polish political prisoners started using their situation of imprisonment to act politically. This phenomenon became visible as early as in the aftermath of the Greater Poland Uprising of 1848.
The Russian Empire's first socialist party, the Polish Proletariat, established a political prisoner culture and tradition in Congress Poland, and used their imprisonment as a terrain of struggle.[1][2] Political prisoners also existed under the interwar Second Polish Republic,[3] under the Nazi occupation in World War II,[1][4] and in the post-war People's Republic of Poland periods.[1][5][6]
Until the elimination of the compulsory draft in Poland in 2009, conscientious objectors to the mandatory military in Poland service continued to be imprisoned for one year, and were recognized as prisoners of conscience by Amnesty International.
^ abcMachcewicz, Anna (2018). "Political Prisoners in Poland, 1944–56: The Sources and Strategies of Resistance in the Authoritarian State's Prison System". Acta Poloniae Historica. 118: 93–126. doi:10.12775/APH.2018.118.04. ISSN 0001-6829. S2CID 159274432.
^Kenney, Padraic (October 2012). ""I felt a kind of pleasure in seeing them treat us brutally." The Emergence of the Political Prisoner, 1865–1910". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 54 (4): 863–889. doi:10.1017/S0010417512000448. ISSN 0010-4175.
^Acta Poloniae Historica. Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe. 2004. p. 180. Bereza Kartuska was a political prison with the hardest conditions in prewar Poland
^"Written in Auschwitz Case Study: Works Written in Auschwitz by Sonderkommando Participants, Polish Political Prisoners and Lili Kasticher". The International Academic Forum (IAFOR). Retrieved 2021-08-05.
^Muller, Anna (2009-03-01). "'The Second Shore': The Poetry of Male and Female Political Prisoners in Postwar Poland". Aspasia. 3 (1): 79–105. doi:10.3167/asp.2009.030105. ISSN 1933-2890.
^Chrzanowski, Wiesław (2015). Więźniowie polityczni w Polsce 1945–1956 (in Polish). Wydawnictwo Dębogóra. ISBN 978-83-64964-97-8.
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