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Politeness theory, proposed by Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson, centers on the notion of politeness, construed as efforts to redress the affronts to a person's self-esteems or face (as in "save face" or "lose face") in social interactions.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] Notable concepts include positive and negative face, the face threatening act (FTA), strategies surrounding FTAs and factors influencing the choices of strategies.
Though Brown and Levinson proposed their model as universally applicable,[9][3] their theory has been challenged by other scholars both theoretically and with respect to its cross-cultural applicability.[10][11][12][3][4]
^Cite error: The named reference Foley was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Metts, Sandra (2009). "Facework". Encyclopedia of Human Relationships: Vol. 1-. Encyclopedia of Human Relationships. SAGE Publications, Inc. doi:10.4135/9781412958479.n190. ISBN 9781412958462.
^ abcHenningsen, Mary L. M. (2017). Politeness Theory. doi:10.4135/9781483381411. hdl:10356/165157. ISBN 9781483381435.
^ abSpencer-Oatey, Helen (2008). Culturally Speaking: Culture, Communication and Politeness Theory-Continuum. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-08264-9310-1.
^NetCommons (2018-12-30). "長崎外大リポジトリ". The Journal of Nagasaki University of Foreign Studies (in Japanese) (22): 43–52. ISSN 1346-4981.
^Kawai, Maho (August 2013). THE APPLICATION OF POLITENESS THEORY INTO ENGLISH EDUCATION IN JAPAN(PDF) (Thesis). Linköping University.
^Guan, Xiaowen; Lee, Hye Eun (May 2017). "Fight and flight: A multilevel analysis of facework strategies in intercultural face-threatening acts". International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 58: 69–81. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2017.04.008. ISSN 0147-1767.
^Bouchara, Abdelaziz (2009). Politeness in Shakespeare: Applying Brown and Levinson´s Politeness Theory to Shakespeare's Comedies. Hamburg: Diplomica Verlag.
^Armaşu, Veronica-Diana (2012). "Modern Approaches to Politeness Theory. A Cultural Context". Lingua. Language and Culture.
^Mills, Sara. 2003. Gender and Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
^Eckert, Penelope; McConnell-Ginet, Sally (2013). Language and Gender. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02905-7.
^村田, 和代 ムラタ, カズヨ MURATA, Kazuyo (2008-01-31). Politeness Theory : Its Trend and Development. 龍谷大学龍谷紀要編集会. OCLC 948157744.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Politenesstheory, proposed by Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson, centers on the notion of politeness, construed as efforts to redress the affronts...
this is known as positive politeness. Anthropologists Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson identified four kinds of politeness, deriving from Erving Goffman's...
and Levinson's negative politeness strategy of minimising the imposition, and the second part reflects the positive politeness strategy of attending to...
Look up polite in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Polite may refer to: PolitenessPolite (magazine), an American humor magazine Polite architecture or...
process sending and receiving information in the form of wordless cues. Politenesstheory explains the redressing of affronts by face-threatening acts to a...
The term was initiated by Andrew Tolson, and is related to face and politenesstheory. Tolson focuses upon how the speech genre of chat is found across...
associating politeness strategies and unethical communication. The strategies considered were don't’ do the face threatening act, negative politeness, positive...
principle and conversational maxims Brown and Levinson's politenesstheory Geoffrey Leech's politeness maxims Levinson's presumptive meanings Jürgen Habermas's...
principle. Information manipulation theory Lexical entrainment Politenesstheory Question under discussion Relevance theory Grice, Paul (1975). "Logic and...
politeness of a positive number is defined as the number of ways it can be expressed as the sum of consecutive integers. For every x, the politeness of...
linguistics. Various areas related to linguistic anthropology (identity theory, politenesstheory, discourse analysis, communities of practice, figured worlds,...
politeness across the world led to the publication of Politeness: Universals in Language Usage (1978/1987), a foundational work in politenesstheory....
Psychological distance can influence levels of politeness. Higher-level construals and increasing distance increase politeness cues, and lower-level construals or...
expected to master politeness and honorifics by the end of their teenage years. Recent trends indicate that the importance of proper politeness is not as high...
Courtesy (from the word courteis, from the 12th century) is gentle politeness and courtly manners. In the Middle Ages in Europe, the behaviour expected...
language changes while language variation involving its uses includes politenesstheory. Internet linguistics is a field advocated by linguist David Crystal...
influential essays that defined politeness as the art of being pleasing in company; and discussed the function and nature of politeness in the social discourse...
In psychology, trait theory (also called dispositional theory) is an approach to the study of human personality. Trait theorists are primarily interested...
offer it to their guests. But if they are not aware of the poison then politeness may be their motivating reason to offer it. The intensity of motivation...
Tragedy. Her research has been influenced by narrative theory, cognitive approaches, and politenesstheory. Scodel studied at the University of California,...
Expectancy violations theory (EVT) is a theory of communication that analyzes how individuals respond to unanticipated violations of social norms and expectations...
Polite architecture, or "the Polite" in architectural theory comprises buildings designed to include non-local styles for aesthetically pleasing decorative...
shorts that have been spotted by Pixar fans, a blog post titled The Pixar Theory was published in 2013 by Jon Negroni, and popularized by the YouTube channel...
well with Japan's cultural code because the Japanese value "cuteness", politeness, and gift giving as part of their culture code; Tokyo Disneyland sells...
children's friends). On the other hand, a polite speaker may sometimes refer to mizu 'water' as o-mizu to show politeness. There are three main sources of words...
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