Plesiadapiformes ("Adapid-like" or "near Adapiformes") is an extinct basal pan-primates group, as sister to the rest of the pan-primates.[4][5][6][7][8] The pan-primates together with the Dermoptera form the Primatomorpha. Purgatorius may not be a primate as an extinct sister to the rest of the Dermoptera[8] or a separate, more basal stem pan-primate branch. Even with Purgatorius removed, the crown primates may even have emerged in this group.
Plesiadapiformes first appear in the fossil record between 65 and 55 million years ago,[9][10] although many were extinct by the beginning of the Eocene. They may be the earliest known mammals to have finger nails in place of claws.[11] In 1990, K.C. Beard attempted to link the Plesiadapiformes with the order Dermoptera. They proposed that paromomyid Phenacolemur had digital proportions of the fossil indicated gliding habits similar to that of colugos.[12]
In the following simplified cladogram, the crown primates are classified as highly derived Plesiadapiformes, possibly as sister of the Plesiadapoidea.[7] The crown primates are cladistically granted here into the Plesiadapiformes, and "Plesiadapiformes" become a junior synonym of the primates. With this tree, the Plesiadapiformes are not literally extinct (in the sense of having no surviving descendants). The crown primates are also called "Euprimates" in this context.
Euarchontoglires
Glires
Rodentia (rodents)
Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares, pikas)
Euarchonta
Scandentia (treeshrews)
Primatomorpha
Dermoptera (colugos)
Primates/
†Purgatoriidae
†Micromomyidae
†Microsyopidae
†Paromomyidae
†Palaechthonidae
Plesiadapoidea
†Carpolestidae
†Plesiadapidae
Crown Primates
Plesiadapiformes
Alternatively, in 2018, the Plesiadapiformes were proposed to be more related to Dermoptera, or roughly corresponding to Primatomorpha, with both Dermoptera and the primates emerging within this group.[13][14][15] Also in a 2020 paper, the primates and Dermoptera were jointly considered sister to the plesiadapiform Purgatoriidae, resulting in the following phylogenetic tree.[16]
Euarchontoglires
Glires
Rodentia (rodents)
Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares, pikas)
Euarchonta
Scandentia (treeshrews)
Primatomorpha/
†Purgatoriidae
crown Primatomorpha
Dermoptera (colugos)
Primates
†Plesiadapiform s.s.
Plesiadapiformes
Traditionally, they were regarded as a separate extinct order of Primatomorpha, but it now appears that groups such as the extant primates and/or the Dermoptera have emerged in the group.[citation needed]
Similarly, in 2021 the Purgatoriidae were classified as sister to Dermoptera, while the rest of the Plesiadapiformes appear to be sister to the remaining primates:[8]
Euarchonta
Scandentia
Primatomorpha/
Dermoptera
Purgatoriidae
crown Dermoptera
Primates
Plesiadapiformes s.s.
Palenochtha weissae
Toliapinidae
Avenius amatorum
Altanius orlovi
crown Primates
Strepsirrhini/
crown Strepsirrhini
Adapiformes s.l.
Haplorhini/
Archicebus achilles
Teilhardina s.s.
Teilhardina asiatica
Teilhardina belgica
Teilhardina magnoliana
Teilhardina brandti
crown Haplorhini
Tarsiiformes
Omomyiformes s.s.
Teilhardina s.s
crown Tarsiiformes
Simiiformes
Teilhardina s.l.
Omomyiformes s.l.
Plesiadapiformes s.l.
One possible classification table of plesiadapiform families is listed below.
Plesiadapiformes
Family Micromomyidae
Superfamily Paromomyoidea
Family Paromomyidae
Family Picromomyidae
Family Palaechthonidae
Family Microsyopidae
Superfamily Plesiadapoidea[17]
Family Carpolestidae
Family Chronolestidae
Family Picrodontidae
Family Plesiadapidae
Family Saxonellidae
^"Plesiadapiformes". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
^Scott, Craig S.; Fox, Richard C.; Redman, Cory M. (21 March 2016). "A new species of the basal plesiadapiform Purgatorius (Mammalia, Primates) from the early Paleocene Ravenscrag Formation, Cypress Hills, southwest Saskatchewan, Canada: further taxonomic and dietary diversity in the earliest primates". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 53 (4): 343–354. Bibcode:2016CaJES..53..343S. doi:10.1139/cjes-2015-0238. hdl:1807/71784.
^ abSilcox, Mary T.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Boyer, Doug M.; Chester, Stephen G. B.; López‐Torres, Sergi (April 2017). "The evolutionary radiation of plesiadapiforms". Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews. 26 (2): 74–94. doi:10.1002/evan.21526. ISSN 1060-1538. PMID 28429568.
^Henke, Winfried; Tattersall, Ian; Hardt, Thorolf (2007). Handbook of Paleoanthropology: Vol I:Principles, Methods and Approaches Vol II:Primate Evolution and Human Origins Vol III:Phylogeny of Hominids. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 839. ISBN 978-3-540-32474-4. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
^Boyer, Doug M.; Costeur, Loïc; Lipman, Yaron (2012). "Earliest record of Platychoerops(Primates, Plesiadapidae), a new species from Mouras Quarry, Mont de Berru, France". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 149 (3): 329–346. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22119. ISSN 0002-9483. PMID 22926965. S2CID 37772289.
^Ni, X.; Meng, J.; Beard, K. C.; Gebo, D. L.; Wang, Y.; Li, C. (2009). "A new tarkadectine primate from the Eocene of Inner Mongolia, China: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 277 (1679): 247–256. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0173. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 2842661. PMID 19386655.
^ abSilcox, Mary T.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Boyer, Doug M.; Chester, Stephen G. B.; López‐Torres, Sergi (2017). "The evolutionary radiation of plesiadapiforms". Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews. 26 (2): 74–94. doi:10.1002/evan.21526. ISSN 1520-6505. PMID 28429568.
^ abcWisniewski, Anna L.; Lloyd, Graeme T.; Slater, Graham J. (25 May 2022). "Extant species fail to estimate ancestral geographical ranges at older nodes in primate phylogeny". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 289 (1975): 20212535. doi:10.1098/rspb.2021.2535. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 9115010. PMID 35582793.
^Paleontologists discover most primitive primate skeleton - PhysOrg.com
^March 2021, Patrick Pester-Staff Writer 04. "Primate ancestor of all humans likely roamed with the dinosaurs". livescience.com. Retrieved 5 March 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^""Sleep, First Primates, Earthquakes in the Midwest and Profile: Sang-Mook Lee"". NOVA scienceNOW. Season 4. Episode 8. 9 July 2008. 13:04 minutes in. PBS. Transcripts – NOVA scienceNOW: 9 July 2008.
^Beard, K. C. (1990). "Gliding behaviour and palaeoecology of the alleged primate family Paromomyidae (Mammalia, Dermoptera)". Nature. 345 (6273): 340–341. Bibcode:1990Natur.345..340B. doi:10.1038/345340a0. S2CID 4369153.
^Morse, Paul E.; Chester, Stephen G.B.; Boyer, Doug M.; Smith, Thierry; Smith, Richard; Gigase, Paul; Bloch, Jonathan I. (2019). "New fossils, systematics, and biogeography of the oldest known crown primate Teilhardina from the earliest Eocene of Asia, Europe, and North America". Journal of Human Evolution. 128: 103–131. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.08.005. PMID 30497682. S2CID 54167483.
^Godinot, Marc (16 April 2017), "Paleocene and Eocene Primates", in Bezanson, Michele; MacKinnon, Katherine C; Riley, Erin; Campbell, Christina J (eds.), The International Encyclopedia of Primatology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 1–9, doi:10.1002/9781119179313.wbprim0331, ISBN 9781119179313
^Boyer, Doug M.; Maiolino, Stephanie A.; Holroyd, Patricia A.; Morse, Paul E.; Bloch, Jonathan I. (1 September 2018). "Oldest evidence for grooming claws in euprimates". Journal of Human Evolution. 122: 1–22. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.03.010. PMID 29935935.
^Seiffert, Erik R.; Tejedor, Marcelo F.; Fleagle, John G.; Novo, Nelson M.; Cornejo, Fanny M.; Bond, Mariano; de Vries, Dorien; Campbell, Kenneth E. (10 April 2020). "A parapithecid stem anthropoid of African origin in the Paleogene of South America". Science. 368 (6487): 194–197. Bibcode:2020Sci...368..194S. doi:10.1126/science.aba1135. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 32273470. S2CID 215550773.
^"Plesiadapoidea". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
derived Plesiadapiformes, possibly as sister of the Plesiadapoidea. The crown primates are cladistically granted here into the Plesiadapiformes, and "Plesiadapiformes"...
Purgatoriids are thought to represent the earliest members of the Plesiadapiformes and to be their ancestors – as well as primates. "Purgatoriidae". paleobiodb...
Primatomorpha mirorder, containing the Dermoptera or colugos and the primates (Plesiadapiformes and descendants). The term "Euarchonta" (meaning "true rulers") appeared...
example of a primate or a proto-primate, a primatomorph precursor to the Plesiadapiformes, dating to as old as 66 million years ago. The first remains (P. unio...
California, USA, and the question of the extinction of the Paromomyidae (Plesiadapiformes, Primates)". Palaeontologia Electronica. 21 (3): 1–28. doi:10.26879/756...
primates. Plesiadapiformes have also been proposed as a nonprimate sister group to Eocene-Recent primates. A study done in 1987 linked Plesiadapiformes with...
Haplorhini †Altiatlasius sister: Dermoptera Range and density of non-human primates. Synonyms Plesiadapiformes (cladistically including crown primates)...
"A new, early Puercan (earliest Paleocene) species of Purgatorius (Plesiadapiformes, Primates) from Saskatchewan, Canada". Journal of Paleontology. 85...
example of a primate or a proto-primate, a primatomorph precursor to the Plesiadapiformes, dating to as old as 66 million years ago. The surviving tropical population...
simians. Likewise, Carpolestidae is often classified within the order Plesiadapiformes, a very close, extinct relative of primates. These conflicting classifications...
in 2013. (but see notes below regarding placement). Order Primates †Plesiadapiformes Strepsirrhini: lemurs, lorises, galagos and their ancestors Haplorhini...
treeshrews and primates, as well as an extinct order of mammals, the Plesiadapiformes. The Philippine flying lemur is endemic to the southern Philippines...
Alpine orogeny in Europe and Asia begins. First proboscideans and plesiadapiformes (stem primates) appear. Some marsupials migrate to Australia. 59.2...
massive fourth lower premolar, the plagiaulacoid; other mammals, like Plesiadapiformes and diprotodontian marsupials, also have similar premolars in both...
This is an incomplete list of prehistoric mammals. It does not include extant mammals or recently extinct mammals. For extinct primate species, see: list...
The Bridger Formation is a geologic formation in southwestern Wyoming. It preserves fossils dating back to the Bridgerian and Uintan stages of the Paleogene...
Euprimateformes are group of plesiadapiformes that includes euprimates and plesiadapoids, proposed by Bloch et al. in 2007. Hypothesis of evolutionary...
Ignacius is situated within the family Paromomyidae and the order Plesiadapiformes. The relationship between plesiadapiforms and the modern group Euarchonta...
in some classifications, which consists of these orders: Primates Plesiadapiformes (extinct primate-like archontans) Scandentia (treeshrews) Dermoptera...
possessed plagiaulacoids. These would be multituberculates, some "Plesiadapiformes" such as Carpolestes and various metatherians such as Epidolops and...
Plesiadapiformes, within superorder Euarchontoglires. Some, to avoid confusions, employ the unranked term Euprimates, which excludes Plesiadapiformes...