This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Phrygian alphabet" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR(September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Phrygian alphabet is the script used in the earliest Phrygian texts.
It dates back to the 8th century BCE and was used until the fourth century BCE ("Old-Phrygian" inscriptions), after which it was replaced by the common Greek alphabet ("New-Phrygian" inscriptions, 1st to 3rd century CE). The Phrygian alphabet was derived from the Phoenician alphabet and is almost identical to the early West Greek alphabets.
The alphabet consists of 19 letters – 5 vowels (a, e, i, o, u) and 14 consonants (b, g, d, v, z, y, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t).[1] A variant of the Phrygian alphabet was used in the inscriptions of the Mysian dialect. Words are often separated by spaces or by three or four vertically spaced points. It is usually written from left to right ("dextroverse"), but about one-sixth of the inscriptions was written from right to left ("sinistroverse").[2] In multi-line inscriptions there is usually a spelling of boustrophedon (a few dozen inscriptions).[3][4]
^Obrador Cursach, Bartomeu (2018). Lexicon of the Phrygian Inscriptions(PDF). Doctoral dissertation, Universitat de Barcelona. pp. 31–50. Retrieved 2021-07-06.
^Claude Brixhe (2008), 'Phrygian', in: Roger D. Woodard (ed.), The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor (Cambridge etc.: Cambridge University Press), pp. 69-80: p. 73: "a little less than one-third" was written from right to left. On the contrary, Obrador Cursach (2018), p. 35, implies that the majority was sinistroverse: according to him only a small minority ("66 out of 395" Old-Phrygian inscriptions) were "dextroverse". However, his comprehensive catalogue of inscriptions in the same book, pp. 349-420, shows that in fact 84 out of ca. 550 Old-Phrygian inscriptions listed) are marked "←", and therefore the minority is "sinistroverse" (reading from right to left), so Brixhe is right. Apparently on p. 35 Obrador Cursach has inadvertently interchanged the words "dextroverse" and "sinistroverse".
^Obrador Cursach (2018), p. 35.
^Phonetic system in the Phrygian language (in Russian)
The Phrygianalphabet is the script used in the earliest Phrygian texts. It dates back to the 8th century BCE and was used until the fourth century BCE...
The Phrygian language (/ˈfrɪdʒiən/) was the Indo-European language of the Phrygians, spoken in Anatolia (modern Turkey), during classical antiquity (c...
in Greek. It was largely similar to the Lydian and the Phrygianalphabets. The Lycian alphabet contains letters for 29 sounds. Some sounds are represented...
Anatolian languages and Phrygian. Several of these languages had previously been written with logographic and syllabic scripts. The alphabets of Asia Minor proper...
the classical Phrygian territory. The text seems to include Indo-European words. The alphabet used resembles the Old-Phrygianalphabet, but some signs...
or were not the same people. Phrygian continued to be spoken until the 6th century AD, though its distinctive alphabet was lost earlier than those of...
The alphabet at the turn of the millennium: the West Semitic alphabet ca. 1150-850 BCE : the antiquity of the Arabian, Greek and Phrygianalphabets. Tel-Aviv:...
UK in 2020 by Oxbow Books: "The Carian alphabet resembles the Greek alphabet, though, as in the case of Phrygian, no single Greek variant can be identified...
exclusive between them. Scholars have proposed a Graeco-Phrygian subgroup out of which Greek and Phrygian originated. Among living languages, some Indo-Europeanists...
married a Phrygian king called Midas. This link may have facilitated the Greeks "borrowing" their alphabet from the Phrygians because the Phrygian letter...
inscriptions have survived in a dialect of the Phrygian language, written using a variant of the Phrygianalphabet. There are also a small number of references...
married a Phrygian king called Midas. This link may have facilitated the Greeks "borrowing" their alphabet from the Phrygians because the Phrygian letter...
words The Phrygianalphabet the in-tomb inscriptions from the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD (approx. 1000 words) and in the so-called "old Phrygian" inscriptions...
The Carian alphabets are a number of regional scripts used to write the Carian language of western Anatolia. They consisted of some 30 alphabetic letters...
sixth century BC. Written in a Greek alphabet variant, it is possibly a tomb stele inscription similar to the Phrygian ones; Peter A. Dimitrov's transcription...
"Unquestionably, however, Phrygian is most closely linked with Greek." (p. 72). Obrador-Cursach, Bartomeu (1 December 2019). "On the place of Phrygian among the Indo-European...
Hyllested & Joseph (2022) in agreement with recent bibliography identify Greco-Phrygian as the IE branch closest to the Albanian-Messapic one. These two branches...
system. The new alphabet quickly spread throughout the Mediterranean and was used to write not only the Greek language but also Phrygian and other languages...
Cyrillic alphabet was used until 1989, when the Romanian Latin alphabet was introduced; in the breakaway territory of Transnistria the Cyrillic alphabet remains...
Anatolia during the Iron Age: "the Armenians were equipped like Phrygians, being Phrygian colonists" (7.73) (Ἀρμένιοι δὲ κατά περ Φρύγες ἐσεσάχατο, ἐόντες...
subgroups. Some linguists tentatively conclude that Armenian, Greek (and Phrygian), European Albanian and Indo-Iranian were dialectally close to each other;...
(born 1946), is an American novelist and publisher. Skemer has operated Phrygian Press since 1985. He also publishes ZYX (begun in 1990), a small xerographic...
underestimated. Byzantine-style writing became a standard for the Cyrillic alphabet, Byzantine architecture was dominating in Kiev, and as a main trading partner...
proposed "Indo-Hittite clade" of the Indo-European family and ancient Phrygian has been suggested by Eric P. Hamp and Ilija Čašule [mk]. The various proposals...
to 539 BC – Phoenicia and the spread of their alphabet from which almost all modern phonetic alphabets derived 1457 BC – Battle of Megiddo 1380 to 1336...
alphabet and its adaptations), which descend from the alphabet used to write the non-Italic Etruscan language, and ultimately from the Greek alphabet...