Phototropins are blue light photoreceptor proteins (more specifically, flavoproteins) that mediate phototropism responses across many species of algae,[1] fungi and higher plants[2]. Phototropins can be found throughout the leaves of a plant. Along with cryptochromes and phytochromes they allow plants to respond and alter their growth in response to the light environment. When phototropins are hit with blue light, they induce a signal transduction pathway that alters the plant cells' functions in different ways.
Phototropins are part of the phototropic sensory system in plants that causes various environmental responses in plants. Phototropins specifically will cause stems to bend towards light[3] and stomata to open.[4] In addition phototropins mediate the first changes in stem elongation in blue light prior to cryptochrome activation.[5] Phototropins are also required for blue light mediated transcript destabilization of specific mRNAs in the cell.[6]
Phototropins also regulate the movement of chloroplasts within the cell,[7][8] notably chloroplast avoidance. It was thought that this avoidance serves a protective function to avoid damage from intense light,[9] however an alternate study argues that the avoidance response is primarily to increase light penetration into deeper mesophyll layers in high light conditions.[10] Phototropins may also be important for the opening of stomata.[11]
^Veetil, S.K; Mittal, C; Ranjan, P; Kateriya, S (July 2011). "A conserved isoleucine in the LOV1 domain of a novel phototropin from the marine alga Ostreococcus tauri modulates the dark state recovery of the domain". Biochim Biophys Acta. 1810 (7): 675–82. doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.04.008. PMID 21554927.
^Li, F. W., Rothfels, C. J., Melkonian, M., Villarreal, J. C., Stevenson, D. W., Graham, S. W., Wong, G. K. S., Mathews, S., & Pryer, K. M. (2015). The origin and evolution of phototropins. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6(AUG). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00637
^Price (2009). Molecular Basis of Botanical Biology. Phoenix Publishing. p. 213.
^Price (2009). Molecular Basis of Botanical Biology. Phoenix Publishing. p. 213.
^Folta, Kevin (2001). "Unexpected Roles for Cryptochrome 2 and Phototropin Revealed by High-resolution Analysis of Blue Light-mediated Hypocotyl Growth Inhibition". The Plant Journal. 26 (5): 471–78. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313x.2001.01038.x. PMID 11439133.
^Brighton; et al. (2006). "Role of phototropin in the differential expression of blue light mediated mRNAs". International Journal of Molecular Botany. 72 (54): 672–691.
^Wada M, Kagawa T, Sato Y (2003). "Chloroplast movement". Annu Rev Plant Biol. 54: 455–68. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.54.031902.135023. PMID 14502999.
^DeBlasio SL, Luesse DL, Hangarter RP (September 2005). "A plant-specific protein essential for blue-light-induced chloroplast movements". Plant Physiol. 139 (1): 101–14. doi:10.1104/pp.105.061887. PMC 1203361. PMID 16113226.
^Kasahara, M., Kagawa, T., Olkawa, K., Suetsugu, N., Miyao, M., & Wada, M. (2002). Chloroplast avoidance movement reduces photodamage in plants. Nature, 420(6917). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01213
^Wilson, S., & Ruban, A. v. (2020). Rethinking the influence of chloroplast movements on non-photochemical quenching and photoprotection. Plant Physiology, 183(3). https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.20.00549
^Smith, Garland (2010). Fundamentals of Biomolecular Botany (2 ed.). Fisher Press. p. 340.
Phototropins are blue light photoreceptor proteins (more specifically, flavoproteins) that mediate phototropism responses across many species of algae...
pyrrol rings. A single chromoprotein can act as both a phytochrome and a phototropin due to the presence and processing of multiple chromophores. Phytochrome...
Immunodetection and far-western blotting showed blue light excites phototropin 1 and phototropin 2, causing protein phosphatase 1 to begin a phosphorylation...
has been identified as the primary auxin carrier. It is possible that phototropins receive light and inhibit the activity of PINOID kinase (PID), which...
UVR8: UV-B light reception Cryptochrome: blue and UV-A light reception Phototropin: blue and UV-A light perception (to mediate phototropism and chloroplast...
KJ, Kennis JT (July 2009). "Primary reactions of the LOV2 domain of phototropin studied with ultrafast mid-infrared spectroscopy and quantum chemistry"...
light is used as a source of energy. Phytochromes, cryptochromes, and phototropins are photochromic sensory receptors that restrict the photomorphogenic...
light-mediated and controlled by 5 distinct photoreceptors: UVR8, Cryptochrome, Phototropin, Phytochrome r and Phytochrome fr. Light can control morphogenic processes...
processes. These traits respond to blue light, which is perceived by the phototropin light receptors. Arabidopsis has also been important in understanding...
chloroplasts as they move. In higher plants, chloroplast movement is run by phototropins, blue light photoreceptors also responsible for plant phototropism. In...
1.102), an enzyme which confers resistance to cinnamic acid in yeast Phototropin and cryptochrome, light-sensing proteins Hanukoglu I (2017). "Conservation...
physiology in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana through cryptochrome and phototropin receptors. Since then, Folta has continued this work to explore new findings...
through a network of photoreceptors including phytochromes, cryptochromes, phototropin, and zeiltupe. Each receptor is able to sense different parts of the...
developmental stages. Other plant photoreceptors include cryptochromes and phototropins, which respond to blue and ultraviolet-A light and UVR8, which is sensitive...
use early data suggesting flavin components of plant photoreceptors, phototropin and cryptochrome Spouse Dale Judith Kuntz (m. June 27, 1941) Children...
known to have its own set of photoreceptors, the phototropins. Unlike phytochromes and phototropins, cryptochromes are not kinases. Their flavin chromophore...
SW, Wong GK, Mathews S, Pryer KM (2015). "The origin and evolution of phototropins". Frontiers in Plant Science. 6: 637. doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.00637. PMC 4532919...
2013). "Antagonistic regulation of leaf flattening by phytochrome B and phototropin in Arabidopsis thaliana". Plant & Cell Physiology. 54 (1): 69–79. doi:10...
the carbon cycle in many areas and often uses light receptors called phototropins to sense external light. Recently, O. tauri has been the subject of studies...
appropriate location. This is highly dependent on the blue light receptor phototropin and the actin cytoskeleton, as actin bundles are seen to form along the...
voltage-sensing domain, residues 404–546) derived from Avena sativa phototropin 1, followed by a C-terminal PM-targeting polybasic tail that associates...
intensity. Photoreceptors in mosses, phytochromes (red wavelengths) and phototropins (blue wavelengths), assist in the regulation of pigmentation. To better...
plants: a short review on biomineralization processes and the role of phototropins into the uptake of calcium". Crystals. 10 (7): 591. doi:10.3390/cryst10070591...
thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) Briggs was able to clone the gene for phototropin. According to ISIHighlyCited, Briggs is one of the most cited scientists...
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