Photoactivatable probes, or caged probes, are cellular players (proteins, nucleic acids, small molecules) that can be triggered by a flash of light. They are used in biological research to study processes in cells. The basic principle is to bring a photoactivatable agent (e.g. a small molecule modified with a light-responsive group: proteins tagged with an artificial photoreceptor protein) to cells, tissues or even living animals and specifically control its activity by illumination.[1]
Principle of photoactivation
Light is a well-suited external trigger for these types of experiments since it is non-invasive and does not influence normal cellular processes (though care has to be taken when using light in the ultra-violet part of the spectrum to avoid DNA damage. Furthermore, light offers high spatial and temporal control. Usually, the activation stimulus comes from a laser or a UV lamp and can be incorporated into the same microscope used for monitoring of the effect. All these advantages have led to the development of a wide variety of different photoactivatable probes.
Even though the light-induced activation step is usually irreversible, reversible changes can be induced in a number of photoswitches.
^Rana, A.; Dolmetsch, R. E. (2010). "Using light to control signaling cascades in live neurons". Curr Opin Neurobiol. 20 (5): 617–622. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2010.08.018. PMC 2993759. PMID 20850295.
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Photoactivatableprobes, or caged probes, are cellular players (proteins, nucleic acids, small molecules) that can be triggered by a flash of light. They...
group, and a photoactivatable aryl azide group. The photoactivatable group provides nonspecific labeling of proteins, DNA and RNA probes or other molecules...
Z-probes. Once affixed, preamplifier serves as a binding site for other elements: amplifiers which in turn bind to another type of probes: label probes...
Tirla, A.; Rivera-Fuentes, P. (2016). "Development of a Photoactivatable Phosphine Probe for Induction of Intracellular Reductive Stress with Single-Cell...
obtained can be purified using reverse-phase or anion-exchange HPLC Photoactivatable biotinylation reagents are ideal when primary amines, sulfhydryls,...
Schlichting I, Kuhlman B, Hahn KM (September 2009). "A genetically encoded photoactivatable Rac controls the motility of living cells". Nature. 461 (7260): 104–108...
expressed exogenously in the form of genetic fusion constructs to a photoactivatable fluorescent protein. STORM instead uses immunolabeling of endogenous...
was developed for ratiometric molecular imaging. A Fe3O4/Ag/Bi2MoO6 photoactivatable nanozyme was developed for cancer therapy. Co/C as an NADH oxidase...
photosensitizer nucleus-targeted small molecule has also been developed for photoactivatable proximity labeling. A new frontier in the field of proximity labeling...
isolated by crosslinking immunoprecipitation or CLIP-seq) PAR-CLIP (Photoactivatable ribonucleoside-enhanced cross-linking and immunoprecipitation) iCLIP...
temporal control of substrate labeling has been investigated using photoactivatable cyclooctynes. This allows equilibration of the alkyne prior to reaction...
semiconductors. In 2005, he and his colleague Eric Betzig discovered photoactivatable fluorescent proteins and invented PALM (photoactivated localization...
applying bioluminescent probes to neuroscience and optogenetics. Shaner's recent work includes engineering photoactivatable fluorescent proteins, and...
DNA-binding motif of the target sequence-specific DNA-binding protein with a photoactivatable crosslinking agent capable of reacting with DNA nucleotides when exposed...
immunoprecipitation with antibody, and do not depend on the incorporation of photoactivatable ribonucleosides - the antibody directly crosslinks with a base close...
(January 2001). "Synthesis and Characterization of Fluorescent and Photoactivatable MIP-1α Ligands and Interactions with Chemokine Receptors CCR1 and CCR5§"...
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