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Permic
Ethnicity
Permians
Geographic distribution
foothills of the Ural Mountains in Russia
Linguistic classification
Uralic
Finno-Ugric?
Finno-Permic?
Permic
Subdivisions
Komi (Zyryan, Yazva, Permyak)
Udmurt
Meshchera?
Glottolog
perm1256
Distribution of the Permic languages at the beginning of the 20th century[1][2]
The Permic or Permian languages are a branch of the Uralic language family. They are spoken in several regions to the west of the Ural Mountains within the Russian Federation. The total number of speakers is around 950,000, of which around 550,000 speak the most widely spoken language, Udmurt. Like other Uralic languages, the Permic languages are primarily agglutinative and have a rich system of grammatical cases. Unlike many others, they do not have vowel harmony.[3]
The earliest Permic language to be preserved in writing was Old Permic or Old Zyryan, in the 14th century.[3]
The extant Permic languages are:
Udmurt (Votyak)
Komi (Zyryan)
Permyak (Komi-Permyak)
Yazva (Komi-Yazva)
The Permic languages have traditionally been classified as Finno-Permic languages, along with the Finnic, Saami, Mordvin, and Mari languages. The Finno-Permic and Ugric languages together made up the Finno-Ugric family. However, this taxonomy has more recently been called into question, and the relationship of the Permic languages to other Uralic languages remains uncertain.[4]
^Rantanen, Timo; Tolvanen, Harri; Roose, Meeli; Ylikoski, Jussi; Vesakoski, Outi (2022-06-08). "Best practices for spatial language data harmonization, sharing and map creation—A case study of Uralic". PLOS ONE. 17 (6): e0269648. Bibcode:2022PLoSO..1769648R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0269648. PMC 9176854. PMID 35675367.
^Rantanen, Timo, Vesakoski, Outi, Ylikoski, Jussi, & Tolvanen, Harri. (2021). Geographical database of the Uralic languages (v1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4784188
^ abScheucher, Bernhard. "The Permic Languages". LanguageServer - the Languages of the World. The University of Graz. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
^Kittilä, Seppo; Västi, Katja; Ylikoski, Jussi (2011). Case, Animacy and Semantic Roles. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 354. ISBN 9789027206800. Retrieved 2012-08-23.
Permiclanguages to other Uralic languages remains uncertain. Proto-Uralic word roots have been subject to particularly heavy reduction in the Permic...
the original form of the numeral, whereas Khanty and all the Finno-Permiclanguages would have innovated /l/ for some reason. Hungarian and the current...
the Permic branch of Finno-Ugric languages). The script was introduced by a Russian missionary, Stepan Khrap, also known as Saint Stephen of Perm (Степан...
Mordvinic languages or to the Permiclanguages) Murom (spoken by the Muroma, may have been a language close to the Merya and a transitional language between...
encoding the Old Permic script in the SMP of the UCS" (PDF). Everson, Michael (2012-04-26). "Revised proposal for encoding the Old Permic script in the SMP...
The Permians are the peoples who speak the Permiclanguages, a branch of the Uralic language family, and include Komis, Udmurts, and Besermyans. The ancestors...
Удмурт) is a Permiclanguage spoken by the Udmurt people who are native to Udmurtia. As a Uralic language, it is distantly related to languages such as Finnish...
term Finnic languages has also been used as a synonym of the extensive group of Finno-Permiclanguages, including the Baltic Finnic, Permic, Sámi, Mari...
Uralic languages (/jʊəˈrælɪk/ yoor-AL-ik; by some called Uralian languages /jʊəˈreɪliən/ yoor-AY-lee-ən) form a language family of 42 languages spoken...
derive from a common Finno-Permic root *juma. Related terms have been proposed to be found also in the Mordvinic languages: ёндол /jondol/ "lightning"...
Khantys moved northeast.) Proto-Hungarian likely had contacts with the Permiclanguages at this time, as indicated by a nontrivial number of shared vocabulary...
allative case. In the Udmurt language, words inflected with the allative (often called "approximative" in Permiclanguages) case ending "-лань" /ɫɑɲ/ express...
suggested on the basis of toponymic evidence that it was a Permic or closely related language. Rahkonen's speculation has been criticized by other scientists...
Finns, are the nations who speak languages traditionally classified in the Finnic (now commonly Finno-Permic) language family,[disputed – discuss] and...
(e.g. szó "word", from Turkic; and daru "crane", from the related Permiclanguages), and includes words borrowed from Oghur Turkic; e.g. borjú "calf"...
alphabet, a version of the Cyrillic alphabet that was used to write the Komi language in the 1920s. It represented the voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant /ɕ/...
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