The Permians[a] are the peoples who speak the Permic languages, a branch of the Uralic language family,[3] and include Komis, Udmurts, and Besermyans.
The ancestors of the Permians originally inhabited the land called Permia covering the middle and upper Kama River. Permians split into two groups, probably during the 9th century.[4]
The Komis came under the rule of the Novgorod Republic in the 13th century and were converted to Russian Orthodoxy in the 1360s and 1370s. From 1471 to 1478, their lands were conquered by the Grand Duchy of Moscow, which would later become the Tsardom of Russia. In the 18th century, the Russian authorities opened the southern parts of the land to colonization and the northern parts became a place to which criminal and political prisoners were exiled.
The Udmurts came under the rule of the Tatars, the Golden Horde and the Khanate of Kazan until their land was ceded to Russia, and the people were Christianized at the beginning of the 18th century.[5]
A connection between Permians and Bjarmians, a northern people mentioned in Old Norse sources, has been suggested.[6] Recent research on the Finno-Ugric substrate in northern Russian dialects suggests that in Bjarmaland there once lived speakers of other Finno-Ugric languages beside the Permians.[7]
^Ekaterina Goldina & Rimma Goldina (2018) On North-Western Contacts of Perm Finns in VII–VIII Centuries, Estonian Journal of Archaeology 22: 2, 163–180
^Baynes, T. S., ed. (1879). "Finland" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. IX (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 219.
^Khrunin AV, Khokhrin DV, Filippova IN, Esko T, Nelis M, Bebyakova NA, et al. (2013) A Genome-Wide Analysis of Populations from European Russia Reveals a New Pole of Genetic Diversity in Northern Europe. PLoS ONE 8(3): e58552. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058552
^Leskov, Nikolaĭ (1992). On the Edge of the World. St Vladimir's Seminary Press. ISBN 978-0-88141-118-8.
^Taagepera, Rein (1999). The Finno-Ugric republics and the Russian state. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-91977-7.
^Tooke, William (1799). View of the Russian Empire. During the Reign of Catharine the Second, and to the close of the Present Century. London: T. N. Longman, O. Rees, and J. Debrett. pp. 527–532.
^Saarikivi, Janne: Substrata Uralica. Studies in Finno-Ugric substrate in northern Russian dialects. Doctoral dissertation. Tartu 2006: 294-295. http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/hum/suoma/vk/saarikivi/substrat.pdf Archived 2017-08-30 at the Wayback Machine
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The Permian (/ˈpɜːrmi.ən/ PUR-mee-ən) is a geologic period and stratigraphic system which spans 47 million years from the end of the Carboniferous Period...
Permian Basin is in geology the name of two large intercontinental basins that were formed in the Permian period: Permian Basin (North America), a basin...
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makes him the founding father of Permian written tradition. "The Enlightener of Perm" or the "Apostle of the Permians", as he is sometimes called, is commemorated...
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the Devonian Period 358.9 Ma (million years ago) to the beginning of the Permian Period, 298.9 Ma. In North America, the Carboniferous is often treated...
Permian tetrapods were amphibians and reptiles that lived during the Permian Period. During this time, amphibians remained common, including various Temnospondyli...
as speakers of the extinct Merya, Muromian and Meshchera languages. The Permians are sometimes also grouped as Volga Finns.[citation needed] The modern...
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travels of Ohthere of Hålogaland, which was written in about 890. The name Permians is already found in the oldest document of the Rus', the Nestor's Chronicle...
oldest to youngest): Cambrian Ordovician Silurian Devonian Carboniferous Permian Some geological timescales divide the Paleozoic informally into early and...
blast. The red symbolizes the courage, bravery, and fearlessness of the Permians. Altogether, they reflect the national colours of the Russian Federation...
converted the region for the Muscovites, leading it into question who the Permians were to pay tribute to. Novgorod Republic ceded the region to Moscow in...
the site reveals it to be an enormous subterranean animal known as the Permian Basin Superorganism (PBSO). The crater was soon commercialized by Anodyne...
beetle lineages appeared during the Late Permian. In the Permian–Triassic extinction event at the end of the Permian, most "protocoleopteran" lineages became...
geologic period and system which spans 50.5 million years from the end of the Permian Period 251.902 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Jurassic...
B. Medlicott in 1872, from which the Gondwana sedimentary sequences (Permian-Triassic) are also described. Some scientists prefer the term "Gondwanaland"...
Novgorod after 1100. The Vychegda Permians lived on the Vychegda while the state of Great Perm was on the upper Kama. The Permians were later called Zyryans and...
Australian continent began to form after the breakup of Gondwana in the Permian, with the separation of the continental landmass from the African continent...
photosynthesising algae, during the Late Carboniferous and Permian, in what is known as the Carboniferous-Earliest Permian Biodiversification Event. The Capitanian mass...
following extensive studies which he conducted in the region. Bjarmaland Permians Chud Introduction to Latin epigraphy (Введение в латинскую эпиграфику)...
family Sphenacodontidae that lived during the Cisuralian age of the Early Permian period, around 295–272 million years ago. With most species measuring 1...