Replacement of the normal sexual reproduction by asexual reproduction, without fertilization
This article is about plants. For similar processes in animals and Oomycetes, see Parthenogenesis.
Not to be confused with automixis or autogamy.
Vegetative apomixis in Poa bulbosa; bulbils form instead of flowers
In botany, apomixis is asexual development of seed or embryo without fertilization. However, other definitions include replacement of the seed by a plantlet or replacement of the flower by bulbils.
Apomictically produced offspring are genetically identical to the parent plant, except in nonrecurrent apomixis. Its etymology is Greek for "away from" + "mixing".
Normal asexual reproduction of plants, such as propagation from cuttings or leaves, has never been considered to be apomixis. In contrast to parthenocarpy, which involves seedless fruit formation without fertilization, apomictic fruits have viable seeds containing a proper embryo, with asexual origin.
In flowering plants, the term "apomixis" is used in a restricted sense to mean agamospermy, i.e. clonal reproduction through seeds. Although agamospermy could theoretically occur in gymnosperms, it appears to be absent in that group.[1]
Apogamy is a related term that has had various meanings over time. In plants with independent gametophytes (notably ferns), the term is still used interchangeably with "apomixis", and both refer to the formation of sporophytes by parthenogenesis of gametophyte cells.
Male apomixis (paternal apomixis) involves replacement of the genetic material of an egg by the genetic material of the pollen.
Some authors included all forms of asexual reproduction within apomixis, but that generalization of the term has since died out.[1]
^ abBicknell, Ross A.; Koltunow, Anna M. (2004). "Understanding Apomixis: Recent Advances and Remaining Conundrums". The Plant Cell. 16 (suppl 1): S228–S245. doi:10.1105/tpc.017921. PMC 2643386. PMID 15131250.
interchangeably with "apomixis", and both refer to the formation of sporophytes by parthenogenesis of gametophyte cells. Male apomixis (paternal apomixis) involves...
surrounding the ovaries which form the tough cases around the seeds. Apomixis, setting seed without fertilization, is found naturally in about 2.2% of...
organisms reproduce asexually via processes such as apomixis, parthenogenesis, autogamy, and cloning. Apomixis and Parthenogenesis both refer to the development...
with several other genera in Asteraceae, multiple Crepis species exhibit apomixis, a form of asexual reproduction where flowers produce clonal seeds without...
entire graft can be clonal if the scion and rootstock are both clones. Apomixis (including apospory and diplospory) is a type of reproduction that does...
and is distinguished from apomixis, which is a replacement of sexual reproduction, and in some cases involves seeds. Apomixis occurs in many plant species...
the embryo is not (see Pseudogamous apomixis, below). A better term for the restrictive sense is centrogamy. Apomixis in flowering plants (angiosperms)...
transposable element insertion that causes them to reproduce asexually by apomixis, unlike their sexually-reproducing Ryukyu mandarin parent. This distinctive...
host of pollinators. Many Taraxacum species produce seeds asexually by apomixis, where the seeds are produced without pollination, resulting in offspring...
complexity comes from the occurrence of hybridization, polyploidy, and apomixis (asexual seed production), making species difficult to characterize and...
engaging in both sexual and asexual seed production. The likelihood of apomixis playing a substantial role in successful reproduction appears minimal....
at the base. Apomixis, the development of an embryo without the occurrence of fertilization, is particularly common among ferns. Apomixis evolved several...
identical to the parent. This is one of several types of apomixis that occur in plants. Apomixis can also happen in a seed, producing a seed that contains...
sexually reproduce[citation needed] but might be able to propagate by apomixis or by vegetative means. Examples of this include many citrus varieties...
introduced to the eastern United States. It reproduces by pseudogamous apomixis. "Hosta ventricosa Stearn". Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees...
individuals can asexually produce fertile seeds without pollination, termed apomixis. Some monocots can reproduce asexually without the need for seeds. Clonal...
apomixis Though sexual dandelion plants are known in North America, almost all are clones that produce genetically identical seeds through apomixis....
In Oomycetes, oospores can also result from asexual reproduction, by apomixis. These are found in fungi as sexual spores which help the sexual reproduction...
blackberries has historically been confused because of hybridization and apomixis, so that species have often been grouped together and called species aggregates...
unfertilized egg cell. In plants, parthenogenesis is a component process of apomixis. In algae, parthenogenesis can mean the development of an embryo from either...
by means of seeds that are genetically identical to their mother plant (apomixis or agamospermy), clones or populations that consist of genetically identical...
blackberry and over 200 in the dandelion, complicated by hybridisation, apomixis and polyploidy, making gene flow between populations difficult to determine...
species, including many citrus varieties. Nucellar embryony is a type of apomixis, where eventually nucellar embryos from the nucellus tissue of the ovule...
descendants of a single plant which were produced by vegetative reproduction or apomixis. Many horticultural plant cultivars are clones, having been derived from...
S (2021). "Diversification of mandarin citrus by hybrid speciation and apomixis". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 4377. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.4377W. doi:10...
It is a type of sexual breeding, in contrast to asexual systems such as apomixis. Some cleistogamous flowers never open, in contrast to chasmogamous flowers...
blackberry/dewberry subgenus (Rubus), with polyploidy, hybridization, and facultative apomixis apparently all frequently occurring, making species classification of the...
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