Ottoman Old Regime information

Sublime Ottoman State
دولت عليه عثمانیه
*Devlet-i ʿAlīye-i ʿOsmānīye*
Sublime Ottoman State دولت عليه عثمانیه; Devlet-i ʿAlīye-i ʿOsmānīye;
Old Regime: 1703–1789
	Flag in the Bowles's Universal Display of the Naval Flags of all Nations (1783) Tughra (official seal) of the sultan; (this one belongs to Abdulhamid I)
	The Ottoman Empire in 1699, following the Treaty of Karlowitz at the end of the War of the Holy League.
Status	Empire
Capital	Constantinople (1453–1922)
Common languages	Ottoman Turkish; Persian; Arabic; Greek; others;
Religion	Sunni Islam (state)
Demonym(s)	Ottoman
Government	Absolute monarchy & Caliphate
Sultan
• 1695–1703	Mustafa II
• 1703–1730	Ahmed III
• 1730–1754	Mahmud I
• 1754–1757	Osman III
• 1757–1774	Mustafa III
• 1774–1789	Abdulhamid I
• 1789–1807	Selim III
Legislature	Imperial Council
History
• Edirne Incident	1703
• Tulip Era	1718–1730
• Reforms of Selim III	1789
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Era of Transformation
New Regime

The history of the Ottoman Empire in the 18th century has classically been described as one of stagnation and reform. In analogy with 18th-century France, it is also known as the Ancien Régime or Old Regime, contrasting with the "New Regime" of the Nizam-i Cedid and Tanzimat in the 19th century.^[1]

The period characterized as one of decentralization in the Ottoman political system.^[2] Political and economic reforms enacted during the preceding War of the Holy League (1683-1699), particularly the sale of life-term tax farms (Ottoman Turkish: malikāne) instituted in 1695, enabled provincial figures to achieve an unprecedented degree of influence in Ottoman politics. This decentralization had once led historians to believe that the Ottoman Empire was in decline during this period, part of the larger and now debunked Ottoman Decline Thesis, but it is now recognized that the Ottomans were successfully able to tie emerging provincial elites politically and financially to the central government.^[3] The empire likewise experienced significant economic growth during much of the eighteenth century^[4] and was, until the disastrous war with Russia in 1768-74, also able to match its rivals in military strength.^[5] In light of this, the empire's history during this period is now generally viewed in more neutral terms, eschewing concepts such as 'decline' and 'stagnation'.^[6] The Old Regime was brought to an end not by a single dramatic event, but by the gradual process of reform begun by Sultan Selim III (r. 1789-1807), known as the Nizam-ı Cedid (New Order). Although Selim himself was deposed, his reforms were continued by his successors into the nineteenth century and utterly transformed the nature of the Ottoman Empire.^[7]

^ Salzmann, Ariel (2011). "The old regime and the Ottoman Middle East". In Christine Woodhead (ed.). The Ottoman World. Routledge. p. 413.
^ Hathaway, Jane (2008). The Arab Lands under Ottoman Rule, 1516-1800. Pearson Education Ltd. pp. 8–9. ISBN 978-0-582-41899-8.
^ Quataert, Donald (2003). "Ottoman History Writing and Changing Attitudes towards the Notion of 'Decline'". History Compass. 1: 5. doi:10.1111/1478-0542.038.
^ Salzmann, Ariel (1993). "An Ancien Régime Revisited: "Privatization" and Political Economy in the Eighteenth-Century Ottoman Empire". Politics & Society. 21 (4): 402. doi:10.1177/0032329293021004003. S2CID 153936362.
^ Cite error: The named reference military was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^
Quataert, Donald (2003). "Ottoman History Writing and Changing Attitudes towards the Notion of 'Decline'". History Compass. 1: **. doi:10.1111/1478-0542.038.
- Hathaway, Jane (1996). "Problems of Periodization in Ottoman History: The Fifteenth through the Eighteenth Centuries". The Turkish Studies Association Bulletin. 20: 25–31.
- Woodhead, Christine (2011). "Introduction". In Christine Woodhead (ed.). The Ottoman World. New York: Routledge. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-415-44492-7.
^ Salzmann, Ariel (2011). "The old regime and the Ottoman Middle East". In Christine Woodhead (ed.). The Ottoman World. Routledge. p. 409.

[1] Salzmann, Ariel (2011). "The old regime and the Ottoman Middle East". In Christine Woodhead (ed.). The Ottoman World. Routledge. p. 413.

[Hathaway8-2] Hathaway, Jane (2008). The Arab Lands under Ottoman Rule, 1516-1800. Pearson Education Ltd. pp. 8–9. ISBN 978-0-582-41899-8.

[3] Quataert, Donald (2003). "Ottoman History Writing and Changing Attitudes towards the Notion of 'Decline'". History Compass. 1: 5. doi:10.1111/1478-0542.038.

[4] Salzmann, Ariel (1993). "An Ancien Régime Revisited: "Privatization" and Political Economy in the Eighteenth-Century Ottoman Empire". Politics & Society. 21 (4): 402. doi:10.1177/0032329293021004003. S2CID 153936362.

[military-5] Cite error: The named reference military was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[6] Quataert, Donald (2003). "Ottoman History Writing and Changing Attitudes towards the Notion of 'Decline'". History Compass. 1: **. doi:10.1111/1478-0542.038.
Hathaway, Jane (1996). "Problems of Periodization in Ottoman History: The Fifteenth through the Eighteenth Centuries". The Turkish Studies Association Bulletin. 20: 25–31.

Woodhead, Christine (2011). "Introduction". In Christine Woodhead (ed.). The Ottoman World. New York: Routledge. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-415-44492-7.

[7] Hathaway, Jane (1996). "Problems of Periodization in Ottoman History: The Fifteenth through the Eighteenth Centuries". The Turkish Studies Association Bulletin. 20: 25–31.

[8] Woodhead, Christine (2011). "Introduction". In Christine Woodhead (ed.). The Ottoman World. New York: Routledge. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-415-44492-7.

[7] Salzmann, Ariel (2011). "The old regime and the Ottoman Middle East". In Christine Woodhead (ed.). The Ottoman World. Routledge. p. 409.

Ottoman Old Regime information

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Part of a series on the
History of the Ottoman Empire

Timeline
Rise (1299–1453) Beylik of Osman Interregnum (1402–1413) Fall of Constantinople
Classical Age (1453–1566) Sultanate of Women (1533–1656)
Transformation (1566–1703) Köprülü Era (1656–1703)
Old Regime (1703–1789) Tulip Era (1718–1730)
Decline & Modernization (1789–1908) Nizam-i Djedid (late 18th and early 19th) Tanzimat Era (1839–1876) 1st Constitutional Era (1876–1878)
Dissolution (1908–1922) 2nd Constitutional Era (1908–1920) World War I (1914–1918) Partitioning (1918–1922) Abolition of the Sultanate (1922) Abolition of the Caliphate (1924)
Historiography (Ghaza, Decline)
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