Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire information
Period of the Ottoman empire
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR(September 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Part of a series on the
History of the Ottoman Empire
Timeline
Rise (1299–1453)
Beylik of Osman
Interregnum (1402–1413)
Fall of Constantinople
Classical Age (1453–1566)
Sultanate of Women (1533–1656)
Transformation (1566–1703)
Köprülü Era (1656–1703)
Old Regime (1703–1789)
Tulip Era (1718–1730)
Decline & Modernization (1789–1908)
Nizam-i Djedid (late 18th and early 19th)
Tanzimat Era (1839–1876)
1st Constitutional Era (1876–1878)
Dissolution (1908–1922)
2nd Constitutional Era (1908–1920)
World War I (1914–1918)
Partitioning (1918–1922)
Abolition of the Sultanate (1922)
Abolition of the Caliphate (1924)
Historiography (Ghaza, Decline)
v
t
e
In the late 18th century, the Ottoman Empire faced threats on numerous frontiers from multiple industrialised European powers.[1] In response, the empire initiated a period of internal reform, attempting to bring itself into competition with the expanding West. The period of these reforms is known as the Tanzimat, and led to the end of the Old Regime period. Despite the Ottoman empire's precarious international position, the central state was significantly strengthened. The process of reforming and modernization in the empire began with the declaration of the Nizam-I Cedid (New Order) during the reign of Sultan Selim III and was punctuated by several reform decrees, such as the Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane in 1839 and the Hatt-ı Hümayun in 1856. Over the course of the 19th century, the Ottoman state became increasingly powerful and rationalized, exercising a greater degree of influence over its population than in any previous era.[2]
Despite these attempts at revitalisation, the empire could not stem the rising tide of nationalism, especially among the ethnic minorities in its Balkan provinces. Numerous revolts and wars of independence, together with repeated incursions by Russia in the northeast and France (and later Britain) in the North African eyalets, resulted in a steady loss of territories throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries.
By 1908, the Ottoman military became modernized and professionalized along the lines of Western European armies. The period was followed by the defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1922).
^Anderson, Betty S. (2016). A history of the modern Middle East: rulers, rebels, and rogues. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-8324-8.
^Quataert, Donald (1994). "The Age of Reforms, 1812-1914". In İnalcık, Halil; Donald Quataert (eds.). An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 762. ISBN 0-521-57456-0.
and 26 Related for: Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire information
role in the study ofthe history oftheOttomanEmpire. According to thedecline thesis, following a golden age associated with the reign of Sultan Suleiman...
Bulgarian and Serb subjects left theempire during thedeclineandmodernizationoftheOttomanEmpire (1828–1908), while the Albanian and Armenian (Armenian...
invaded, the fledgling Islamic republic would quickly collapse. DeclineandmodernizationoftheOttomanEmpire Education in Islam History of homosexuality...
purpose not of radical transformation, but ofmodernization, desiring to consolidate the social and political foundations oftheOttomanEmpire.[better source needed]...
Empireof Japan (1868–1947) Republic of China (1912–1949) People's Republic of China (from 1949) Partition of India (1947) Declineandmodernization of...
from the preceding religious community concept ofthe millet system, was a key factor in thedeclineoftheOttomanEmpire. In theOttomanEmpire, the Islamic...
TheOttomanEmpire was founded c. 1299 by Osman I as a small beylik in northwestern Asia Minor just south ofthe Byzantine capital Constantinople. In 1326...
known as the Kingdom of Axum, or the Aksumite Empire, was a kingdom in East Africa and South Arabia from classical antiquity to the Middle Ages. Based in...
Ireland, the Austrian Empire, the French Empire, the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, and Prussia). Due to Austrian andOttoman opposition and British reserves...
of theOttomanEmpire exerted extraordinary political influence. This phenomenon took place from roughly 1534 to 1683, beginning in the reign of Suleiman...
Abdulaziz (Ottoman Turkish: عبد العزيز, romanized: ʿAbdü'l-ʿAzîz; Turkish: Abdülaziz; 8 February 1830 – 4 June 1876) was the sultan oftheOttomanEmpire from...
operated as far as the Atlantic. Commensurate with thedeclineandmodernizationoftheempire in the late 18th century, theOttoman Navy stagnated, albeit...