Administrative division of the Ottoman Empire from 1517 to 1867
Ottoman Egypt
إيالة مصر (Arabic) Iyalat Misr ایالت مصر (Ottoman Turkish) Eyālet-i Mıṣr
Ottoman Province (1517–1805) Autonomous Province (1805–1914)
1517–1914
Flag
Coat of arms (1854–63)
Map of the Eyalet of Egypt in 1795
Expansion of the Eyalet under Muhammad Ali and his sons
Capital
Cairo
Demonym
Egyptians
Population
• 1700
2,335,000
• 1867
6,076,000
Government
Grand Vizier
• 1857–1858
Zulfiqar Pasha (first)
• 1866–1867
Sherif Pasha (last)
Historical era
Early modern period
• Ottoman conquest
1517
• French Campaign
1798–1801
• Rise of Muhammad Ali
1801–1805
• Conquest of Sudan
1820–1822
• Egyptian–Ottoman War
1831–1833
• Khedivate recognized
1867
• British occupation
1882
• British Protectorate
1914
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Mamluk Sultanate
Funj Sultanate
Emirate of Diriyah
Shilluk Kingdom
Sultanate of Egypt
Emirate of Nejd
Hejaz Vilayet
Ottoman Egypt was an administrative division of the Ottoman Empire after the conquest of Mamluk Egypt by the Ottomans in 1517.[1] The Ottomans administered Egypt as a province (eyalet) of their empire (Ottoman Turkish: ایالت مصر, romanized: Eyālet-i Mıṣr).[2][better source needed] It remained formally an Ottoman province until 1914, though in practice it became increasingly autonomous during the 19th century and was under de facto British control from 1882.[3]
Egypt always proved a difficult province for the Ottoman Sultans to control, due in part to the continuing power and influence of the Mamluks, the Egyptian military caste who had ruled the country for centuries. As such, Egypt remained semi-autonomous under the Mamluks until Napoleon Bonaparte's French forces invaded in 1798. After Anglo-Turkish forces expelled the French in 1801, Muhammad Ali Pasha, an Albanian military commander of the Ottoman army in Egypt, seized power in 1805, and established a quasi-independent state.
Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty remained nominally an Ottoman province. In reality, it was practically independent and went to war twice with the empire—in 1831–33 and 1839–41. The Ottoman sultan granted Egypt the status of an autonomous vassal state or Khedivate in 1867.[citation needed] Isma'il Pasha (Khedive from 1867 to 1879) and Tewfik Pasha (Khedive from 1879 to 1892) governed Egypt as a quasi-independent state under Ottoman suzerainty until the British occupation of 1882. Nevertheless, the Khedivate of Egypt (1867–1914) remained a de jure Ottoman province until 5 November 1914,[4] when the Sultanate of Egypt was declared a British protectorate in reaction to the Young Turks of the Ottoman Empire joining the First World War on the side of the Central Powers (October–November 1914).
^Faroqhi, Saraiya (2008). The Ottoman Empire: A Short History. Shelley Frisch, translator. Princeton, New Jersey: Markus Wiener Publishers. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-55876-449-1. OCLC 180880761.
^"Some Provinces of the Ottoman Empire". Geonames.de. Archived from the original on 10 July 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2013.
^Daly, M. W., ed. (1998). The Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume 2: Modern Egypt, from 1517 to the end of the twentieth century. Cambridge University Press. pp. 139–246. ISBN 978-0-521-47211-1.
^Full text of the Treaty of Lausanne (1923): Article 17 of the treaty refers to Egypt and Sudan.
OttomanEgypt was an administrative division of the Ottoman Empire after the conquest of Mamluk Egypt by the Ottomans in 1517. The Ottomans administered...
August 1849) was the Ottoman Albanian governor and de facto ruler of Egypt from 1805 to 1848, considered the founder of modern Egypt. At the height of his...
The Ottoman Empire's governors of Egypt from 1517 to 1805 were at various times known by different but synonymous titles, among them beylerbey, viceroy...
several other names, such as the "Ottoman- Wahhabi war", "Egyptian-Wahhabi war", "Egyptian-Saudi war", "Ottoman/Egyptian-Wahhabi war", etc. Although Muhammad...
Egypt and Syria (1798–1801) was a Napoleonic campaign in the Ottoman territories of Egypt and Syria, executed by Napoleon Bonaparte. Napoleon proclaimed...
1517, when Egypt became part of the Ottoman Empire under the Eyālet-i Mıṣr province. In 639 an army of some 4,000 men were sent against Egypt by the second...
Sultan of Egypt was the status held by the rulers of Egypt after the establishment of the Ayyubid dynasty of Saladin in 1174 until the Ottoman conquest...
(1250–1517). In 1517, Ottoman sultan Selim I captured Cairo, absorbing Egypt into the Ottoman Empire. Egypt remained entirely Ottoman until 1805, except...
The history of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty (1805–1953) spanned the later period of OttomanEgypt, the Khedivate of Egypt under British occupation...
protectorate". During this time the Khedivate of Egypt remained an autonomous province of the Ottoman Empire, and the British occupation had no legal basis...
of Egypt was removed from power by the British because of his pro-Ottoman positions. He was replaced by his uncle Hussein Kamel, who declared Egypt's independence...
established with the overthrow of the Ayyubid dynasty in Egypt in 1250 and was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1517. Mamluk history is generally divided...
commander of both the Egyptian and Ottoman armies and the eldest son of Muhammad Ali, the Wāli and unrecognized Khedive of Egypt and Sudan. He served as...
Ottoman architecture in Egypt, during the period after the Ottoman conquest in 1517, continued the traditions of earlier Mamluk architecture but was influenced...
plantations in Upper Egypt. The royal harem during the Muhammad Ali dynasty of the Khedivate of Egypt (1805–1914) was modelled after Ottoman example, the khedives...
century, and of the Mamluk Sultanate in the 13th century. Egypt then became part of the Ottoman Empire in 1517, before its local ruler Muhammad Ali established...
after the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers in World War I, the nationalist Khedive was removed by the British, then ruling Egypt, in favour of...
assistance, and the second Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841) ended with Ottoman victory and the restoration of Ottoman suzerainty over Egypt Eyalet and the Levant...
ambitions of deposing the Ottoman dynasty, and seizing the sultanic throne himself. Egypt retained this flag even after formal Ottoman sovereignty was terminated...
The Albanian community in Egypt began with government officials and military personnel appointed in OttomanEgypt. A substantial community would grow...
reduced level. The legal status of Egypt had been highly convoluted, due to its de facto breakaway from the Ottoman Empire in 1805, its occupation by Britain...
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