Ancient kingdom in Upper Mesopotamia (132 BC–214 AD)
For the Roman province, see Osroene (Roman province).
Osroene
ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܐܘܪܗܝ
132 BC–AD 214[1]
Map includes Osroene as a tributary kingdom of the Armenian Empire under Tigranes the Great
Status
Kingdom, vassal state, province
Capital
Edessa (modern-day Şanlıurfa, Turkey)
Common languages
Aramaic (official) Koine Greek Armenian
Religion
Christianity c. 200 AD (State religion)[2][3]
Government
Monarchy
King
Historical era
Hellenistic Age
• Established
132 BC
• Disestablished
AD 214[1]
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Seleucid Empire
Osroene (Roman province)
Osroene or Osrhoene (/ɒzˈriːniː/; Greek: Ὀσροηνή) was an ancient region and state in Upper Mesopotamia.[4] The Kingdom of Osroene, also known as the "Kingdom of Edessa" (Classical Syriac: ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܐܘܪܗܝ / "Kingdom of Urhay"), according to the name of its capital city (now Şanlıurfa, Turkey), existed from the 2nd century BC, up to the 3rd century AD, and was ruled by the Abgarid dynasty.[5][6][7][8][1][9] Generally allied with the Parthians,[1][10] the Kingdom of Osroene enjoyed semi-autonomy to complete independence from the years of 132 BC to AD 214. Though ruled by a dynasty of Arab origin, the kingdom's population was of mixed culture, being Syriac-speaking[a] from the earliest times.[11] The city's cultural setting was fundamentally Syriac, alongside strong Greek and Parthian influences, though some Arab cults were also attested at Edessa.[10][12][13]
The ruling Abgarid dynasty was deposed by the Romans during the reign of Roman Emperor Caracalla (r. 211–217), probably in 214 or 216, and Osroene was incorporated as a province,[1] but it was briefly reestablished during the reign of Roman emperor Gordianus III (238-244). Christianity came early to Osroene. From 318, Osroene was a part of the Diocese of the East. By the 5th century, Edessa had become a main center of Syriac literature and learning. In 608, the Sasanian emperor, Khosrow II (r. 590–628), took Osroene. It was briefly reconquered by the Byzantines, but in 638 it fell to the Arabs as part of the Muslim conquests.
^ abcdSegal 1982, p. 210-213.
^Ball, W (2001). Rome in the East: the transformation of an empire. Routledge. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-415-24357-5.
^Frankfurter, David (1998). Pilgrimage and Holy Space in Late Antique Egypt. BRILL. p. 383. ISBN 90-04-11127-1.
It was around 200 CE that Abgar IX adopted Christianity, thus enabling Edessa to become the first Christian state in history whose ruler was officially and openly a Christian.
^Dupuy, Richard Ernest; Dupuy, Trevor Nevitt (1970). The Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500 B.C. to the Present. Harper & Row. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-06-011139-7.
^Bowman, Alan; Garnsey, Peter; Cameron, Averil (2005). The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 12, The Crisis of Empire, AD 193-337. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521301992.
^"Osroëne | ancient kingdom, Mesopotamia, Asia | Britannica".
^Skolnik, Fred; Berenbaum, Michael (2007). Encyclopaedia Judaica. Macmillan Reference USA. ISBN 9780028659435.
^Roberts, John Morris; Westad, Odd Arne (2013). The History of the World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199936762.
^Laet, Sigfried J. de; Herrmann, Joachim (1996). History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D. UNESCO. ISBN 9789231028120.
^ abLieu 1997, p. 174-175.
^Healey 2014, p. 394-396.
^Sartre 2005, p. 500.
^Healey 2014, p. 396.
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Osroene or Osrhoene (/ɒzˈriːniː/; Greek: Ὀσροηνή) was an ancient region and state in Upper Mesopotamia. The Kingdom of Osroene, also known as the "Kingdom...
"the Black" in Syriac and other dialects of Aramaic), was the King of Osroene with his capital at Edessa. Abgar was described as "king of the Arabs"...
It later became capital of the Kingdom of Osroene, and continued as capital of the Roman province of Osroene. In Late Antiquity, it became a prominent...
Abgar IX Severus was king of Osroene. Abgar succeeded his father, Abgar VIII in 212. In 213 Abgar IX and his son were summoned to Rome and murdered at...
region. Dioteimus Alaieus is one of the Archons of Athens. Abgar III of Osroene is succeeded by Abgar IV Sumaqa. The Andhra dynasty replaces the Kanva...
fire and the consular war fleet is destroyed. Abgar II becomes ruler of Osroene. Arsinoe IV of Egypt, daughter of Ptolemy XII (and probably Cleopatra V)...
prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Beginning of the kingdom Osroene. The end of the kingdom is in 244 AD. The Teutons and the Cimbri migrate...
as King of Armenia at the end of the 1st century. He was also King of Osroene (reigned 91–109), a historic kingdom located in Mesopotamia. Little or...
Parthian prince who ruled as a Roman client king in Mesopotamia, and later of Osroene during the early second century AD. He was the son of the Parthian emperor...
Assyria, Babylonia, Chaldea, and the neo Assyrian states of Adiabene, Osroene and Hatra. Midian Moab – Cannanite state Mount Carmel Mount Ephraim Mount...
existed between the 1st century BC and 3rd century AD, including Adiabene, Osroene, and Hatra. The regional toponym Mesopotamia (/ˌmɛsəpəˈteɪmiə/, Ancient...
from a local Aramaic dialect that was spoken in the ancient region of Osroene, centered in the city of Edessa. During the Early Christian period, it...
Kingdom of Lihyan 600 BC–100 BC Nabataean Kingdom 400 BC–106 AD Kingdom of Osroene 132 BC–244 AD Emesene Dynasty 64 BC–300s AD Kingdom of Hatra 100s–241 AD...
also known as Abgar the Great or Abgar bar Ma'nu, was an Arab king of Osroene from 177 CE to 212 CE. Abgar the Great was most remembered for his alleged...
dynasty, the Abgarids, reigned between 134 BC and 242 AD over Edessa and Osroene in Upper Mesopotamia. Some members of the dynasty bore Iranian names, while...
nations that have claimed a prior official adoption of Christianity include Osroene, the Silures, and San Marino. See Timeline of official adoptions of Christianity...
evolved in the north during the Parthian era, such as Adiabene, Assur, Osroene and Hatra.[citation needed] The Sassanids of Persia under Ardashir I destroyed...
are introduced as large bronze coins. Ma'nu III Saphul becomes ruler of Osroene. The Roman writer, architect and engineer Marcus Vitruvius Pollio finishes...
region. Dioteimus Alaieus is one of the Archons of Athens. Abgar III of Osroene is succeeded by Abgar IV Sumaqa. The Andhra dynasty replaces the Kanva...
East5 Arabia Cilicia I Cilicia II Cyprus4 Euphratensis Isauria Mesopotamia Osroene Palaestina I Palaestina II Palaestina III Salutaris Phoenice I Phoenice...
of the Kingdom of Armenia 127 BC–85 BC: Seleucid Empire and Kingdom of Osroene 240 BC–127 BC: Center of the Seleucid Empire 301 BC–240 BC: Part of the...
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