Not to be confused with Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca), the Mandarin koine of the Ming and Qing dynasties.
Form of Chinese spoken in northern China between the 12th and 14th centuries
Old Mandarin
Early Mandarin
Region
North China Plain
Era
12th to 14th centuries
Language family
Sino-Tibetan
Sinitic
Chinese
Mandarin
Old Mandarin
Early forms
Old Chinese
Middle Chinese
Writing system
Chinese characters, ʼPhags-pa script
Language codes
ISO 639-3
–
Glottolog
None
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese
古官話
Simplified Chinese
古官话
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Gǔ Guānhuà
Early Mandarin
Traditional Chinese
早期官話
Simplified Chinese
早期官话
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Zǎoqí Guānhuà
Old Mandarin or Early Mandarin was the speech of northern China during the Jurchen-ruled Jin dynasty and the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty (12th to 14th centuries). New genres of vernacular literature were based on this language, including verse, drama and story forms, such as the qu and sanqu.
The phonology of Old Mandarin has been inferred from the ʼPhags-pa script, an alphabet created in 1269 for several languages of the Mongol empire, including Chinese, and from two rime dictionaries, the Menggu Ziyun (1308) and the Zhongyuan Yinyun (1324). The rhyme books differ in some details but show many of the features characteristic of modern Mandarin dialects, such as the reduction and disappearance of final stops and the reorganization of the four tones of Middle Chinese.
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