Myxozoa (etymology: Greek: μύξα myxa "slime" or "mucus"[1] + thematic vowel o + ζῷον zoon "animal"[2]) is a subphylum of aquatic cnidarian animals – all obligate parasites. It contains the smallest animals ever known to have lived. Over 2,180 species have been described and some estimates have suggested at least 30,000 undiscovered species.[3] Many have a two-host lifecycle, involving a fish and an annelid worm or a bryozoan. The average size of a myxosporean spore usually ranges from 10 μm to 20 μm,[4] whereas that of a malacosporean (a subclade of the Myxozoa) spore can be up to 2 mm. Myxozoans can live in both freshwater and marine habitats.
Myxozoans are highly derived cnidarians that have undergone dramatic evolution from a free swimming, self-sufficient jellyfish-like creature into their current form of obligate parasites composed of very few cells – sometimes only a single cell [citation needed]. As myxozoans evolved into microscopic parasites, they lost many genes responsible for multicellular development, coordination, cell–cell communication, and even, in some cases, aerobic respiration. The genomes of some myxozoans are now among the smallest genomes of any known animal species.[5][6]
^μύξα. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
^ζῷον. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
^Atkinson, Stephen D.; Bartholomew, Jerri L.; Lotan, Tamar (1 August 2018). "Myxozoans: Ancient metazoan parasites find a home in phylum Cnidaria". Zoology. 129: 66–68. doi:10.1016/j.zool.2018.06.005. ISSN 0944-2006. PMID 30170750. S2CID 52141614.
^Fiala, Ivan (10 July 2008). "Myxozoa". tolweb.org (under construction). The Tree of Life Web Project.
^Chang, E. Sally; Neuhof, Moran; Rubinstein, Nimrod D.; Diamant, Arik; Philippe, Hervé; Huchon, Dorothée; Cartwright, Paulyn (1 December 2015). "Genomic insights into the evolutionary origin of Myxozoa within Cnidaria". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (48): 14912–14917. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11214912C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1511468112. ISSN 1091-6490. PMC 4672818. PMID 26627241.
^Yahalomi, D.; Atkinson, S.D.; Neuhof, M.; Chang, E.S.; Philippe, H.; Cartwright, P.; Bartholomew, J.L.; Huchon, D. (24 February 2020). "A cnidarian parasite of salmon (Myxozoa: Henneguya) lacks a mitochondrial genome". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (10): 5358–5363. Bibcode:2020PNAS..117.5358Y. doi:10.1073/pnas.1909907117. PMC 7071853. PMID 32094163.
Myxozoa (etymology: Greek: μύξα myxa "slime" or "mucus" + thematic vowel o + ζῷον zoon "animal") is a subphylum of aquatic cnidarian animals – all obligate...
rather than a sub-group of Scyphozoa, and the highly derived parasitic Myxozoa and Polypodiozoa were firmly recognized as cnidarians only in 2007. Most...
of microscopic animals, all of whom are parasites. They belong to the Myxozoa clade within Cnidaria. They have a complex life cycle that comprises vegetative...
which may have reached 39 meters. Several animals are microscopic; some Myxozoa (obligate parasites within the Cnidaria) never grow larger than 20 μm,...
planuliform larva. In a few cnidarian clades, like Aplanulata and the parasitic Myxozoa, the planula larval stage has been lost. The planula forms either from...
myxozoa that includes important parasites of fish like Myxobolus cerebralis. The genus is polyphyletic, with members scattered throughout the myxozoa...
U.; Okamura, Beth (1 January 2003). "Biodiversity and Evolution of the Myxozoa". Advances in Parasitology. Vol. 56. Academic Press. pp. 43–131. doi:10...
Huchon, Dorothée (19 February 2020). "A cnidarian parasite of salmon (Myxozoa: Henneguya) lacks a mitochondrial genome". Proceedings of the National...
Cavalier-Smith, in 1983, redefined Radiata as a subkingdom consisting of Myxozoa, Placozoa, Cnidaria and Ctenophora. Lynn Margulis and K. V. Schwartz later...
Archived from the original on 2013-06-04. Zrzavý, Jan & Hypša, Václav (2003): Myxozoa, Polypodium, and the origin of the Bilateria: The phylogenetic position...
related organelles as found in some loricifera (e. g. Spinoloricus) and myxozoa (e. g. Henneguya zschokkei) are together classified as MROs, mitochondrion-related...
Corallochytrium (formerly considered a Heterokont) Filozoa Animalia (including myxozoa) Choanoflagellata (flagellates formerly included in protozoa) Filasterea...
this obsolete grouping were the Ascetosporea (a group of Rhizaria), the Myxozoa (highly derived cnidarian animals), and the Microsporidia (derived from...
be parasitised by Rhipidocotyle campanula (fluke), Myxobolus muelleri (myxozoa) and Raphidascaris acus (nematode). The spawning season is generally from...
ribozymes, satelliviruses and viroids.[citation needed] Several species of Myxozoa (obligately parasitic cnidarians) never grow larger than 20 μm (0.020 mm)...
analogous structures used for host invasion by different groups of parasites: Myxozoa (Metazoa) and Microsporidia (Fungi), respectively. The polar filament is...
dispersal phases) of some Mesomycetozoea, and the sporoplasm stage of Myxozoa and of Ascetosporea. The earliest record of an amoeboid organism was produced...
Bartholomew, Jerri; Hutchon, Dorothée (2020). "A cnidarian parasite of salmon (Myxozoa: Henneguya) lacks a mitochondrial genome". Proceedings of the National...
Kudoa is a genus of Myxozoa and the only genus recognized within the monotypic family Kudoidae. There are approximately 100 species of Kudoa all of which...
Dyková I, Pavlásková M, Grupcheva G (1983) Sphaerospora molnari sp. nov. (Myxozoa: Myxosporea), an agent of gill, skin and blood sphaerosporosis of common...
class Malacosporea and has only three species, while the other class of Myxozoa, Myxosporea, includes more than a thousand. Genus Buddenbrockia Schröder...
Caister academic press. ISBN 978-1-908230-00-3. Ivan Fiala (10 July 2008). "Myxozoa". Tree of Life Web Project. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015...
family Ceratomyxidae. Koie, M. (2003). Ellipsomyxa gobii gen. et sp. n. (Myxozoa: Ceratomyxidae) in the common goby Pomatoschistus microps (Teleostei: Gobiidae)...
Cnidaria, which also includes the jellyfish, box jellies and parasitic Myxozoa and Polypodiozoa. The two main subclasses of Anthozoa are the Hexacorallia...
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