In this phylogenetic tree, the green group is paraphyletic; it is composed of a common ancestor (the lowest green vertical stem) and some of its descendants, but it excludes the blue group (a monophyletic group) which diverged from the green group.
Paraphyly is a taxonomic term describing a grouping that consists of the grouping's last common ancestor and some but not all of its descendant lineages. The grouping is said to be paraphyletic with respect to the excluded subgroups. In contrast, a monophyletic grouping (a clade) includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants.
The terms are commonly used in phylogenetics (a subfield of biology) and in the tree model of historical linguistics. Paraphyletic groups are identified by a combination of synapomorphies and symplesiomorphies. If many subgroups are missing from the named group, it is said to be polyparaphyletic.
The term received currency during the debates of the 1960s and 1970s accompanying the rise of cladistics, having been coined by zoologist Willi Hennig to apply to well-known taxa like Reptilia (reptiles), which is paraphyletic with respect to birds. Reptilia contains the last common ancestor of reptiles and all descendants of that ancestor except for birds. Other commonly recognized paraphyletic groups include fish, monkeys, and lizards.[1][page needed]
^Romer, A. S. (1970) [1949]. The Vertebrate Body (4th ed.). W.B. Saunders.
Paraphyly is a taxonomic term describing a grouping that consists of the grouping's last common ancestor and some but not all of its descendant lineages...
that common ancestor, without exception Monophyly is contrasted with paraphyly and polyphyly as shown in the second diagram. A paraphyletic grouping...
called a polyphyly /ˈpɒlɪˌfaɪli/. It is contrasted with monophyly and paraphyly. For example, the biological characteristic of warm-bloodedness evolved...
analysis of mitochondrial protein coding genes confirms the reciprocal paraphyly of Hexapoda and Crustacea". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7 (Suppl 2): S8...
taxon to the daughter taxon and have the disadvantage of involving the paraphyly of the parental group. This type of diagram is no longer used in the form...
Malte; Kück, Patrick; Herlyn, Holger; Hankeln, Thomas (2014). "Platyzoan Paraphyly Based on Phylogenomic Data Supports a Noncoelomate Ancestry of Spiralia"...
Vacelet, J.; Le Parco, Y. (2001-01-08). "Sponge paraphyly and the origin of Metazoa: Sponge paraphyly". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 14 (1): 171–179...
Alivon, E.; Boury-Esnault, N.; Vacelet, J.; Le-Parco, Y. (2001). "Sponge paraphyly and the origin of Metazoa". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 14 (1): 171–179...
Society, 181 (1): 1–20, doi:10.1111/boj.12385 Stuessy, Tod F. (2010), "Paraphyly and the origin and classification of angiosperms." (PDF), Taxon, 59 (3):...
with some more related to vertebrates than other invertebrates (see Paraphyly). For many centuries, invertebrates were neglected by biologists, in favor...
fungal phyla, consisting of four major clades with suggestive evidence for paraphyly or possibly polyphyly. The Blastocladiomycota were previously considered...
PMID 21041649. Although I was among the early supporters of vertebrate paraphyly, I am impressed by the evidence provided by Heimberg et al. and prepared...
WI; Marzluff JM; Fleischer RC (2000). "Cryptic genetic variation and paraphyly in ravens". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 267 (1461): 2475–2482...
mitochondrial genome of the house centipede Scutigera and the monophyly versus paraphyly of myriapods". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 21 (4): 770–780. doi:10...
phylogenetic analysis of Old World chats and flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly at family, subfamily and genus level (Aves: Muscicapidae). Molecular Phylogenetics...
found that phylogenetic analysis is acceptable scientifically as long as paraphyly at least for certain groups is allowable. Such a stance is promoted in...
of red foxes. Such a nesting of one species within another is called paraphyly. Several hypotheses have been suggested to explain this, including (1)...
; de Jong, W. W.; Stanhope, M. J.; Springer, M. S. (2002). "Microbat paraphyly and the convergent evolution of a key innovation in Old World rhinolophoid...
Ithaca nY Patterson 1982 Podani, János (1 August 2010). "Monophyly and paraphyly: A discourse without end?". Taxon. 59 (4): 1011–1015. doi:10.1002/tax...
some or all of Hippocastanaceae and Aceraceae, however this resulted in paraphyly. The former Ptaeroxylaceae, now placed in Rutaceae, were sometimes placed...
Species. Retrieved 2018-12-20. Randall, Z.S. & Page, L.M. (2015): On the paraphyly of Homaloptera (Teleostei: Balitoridae) and description of a new genus...
Miller, Jill S. (2005). "Relationships within tribe Lycieae (Solanaceae): Paraphyly of Lycium and multiple origins of gender dimorphism". American Journal...
(2005), "Basal cactus phylogeny: implications of Pereskia (Cactaceae) paraphyly for the transition to the cactus life form", American Journal of Botany...
phylogeny of aquiline eagles (Aves: Accipitriformes) reveals extensive paraphyly at the genus level" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 35 (1):...
Global Information