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Myxobolus cerebralis
Triactinomyxon stage of Myxobolus cerebralis - note the three "tails"
Myxobolus cerebralis is a myxosporean parasite of salmonids (salmon and trout species) that causes whirling disease in farmed salmon and trout and also in wild fish populations. It was first described in rainbow trout in Germany in 1893, but its range has spread and it has appeared in most of Europe (including Russia), the United States, South Africa, Canada and other countries from shipments of cultured and wild fish. In the 1980s, M. cerebralis was found to require a tubificid oligochaete (a kind of segmented worm) to complete its life cycle. The parasite infects its hosts with its cells after piercing them with polar filaments ejected from nematocyst-like capsules. This infects the cartilage and possibly the nervous tissue of salmonids, causing a potentially lethal infection in which the host develops a black tail, spinal deformities, and possibly more deformities in the anterior part of the fish.[citation needed]
Whirling disease affects juvenile fish (fingerlings and fry) and causes skeletal deformation and neurological damage. Fish "whirl" forward in an awkward, corkscrew-like pattern instead of swimming normally, find feeding difficult, and are more vulnerable to predation. The mortality rate is high for fingerlings, up to 90% of infected populations, and those that do survive are deformed by the parasites residing in their cartilage, bone, and neurological tissue. They act as a reservoir for the parasite, which is released into water following the fish's death. M. cerebralis is one of the most economically important myxozoans in fish, as well as one of the most pathogenic. It was the first myxosporean whose pathology and symptoms were described scientifically. The parasite is not transmissible to humans.
The taxonomy and naming of both M. cerebralis, and of myxozoans in general, have complicated histories. It was originally thought to infect fish brains (hence the specific epithet cerebralis) and nervous systems, though it soon was found to primarily infect cartilage, skeletal tissue, and nervous tissue. Attempts to change the name to Myxobolus chondrophagus, which would more accurately describe the organism, failed because of nomenclature rules[which?].[citation needed] Later, the organisms previously called Triactinomyxon dubium and T. gyrosalmo (class Actinosporea) were found to be, in fact, triactinomyxon stages of M. cerebralis, the life cycle of which was expanded to include the triactinomyxon stage. Similarly, other actinosporeans were folded into the life cycles of various myxosporeans.[citation needed]
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Myxoboluscerebralis is a myxosporean parasite of salmonids (salmon and trout species) that causes whirling disease in farmed salmon and trout and also...
Myxobolus is a genus of myxozoa that includes important parasites of fish like Myxoboluscerebralis. The genus is polyphyletic, with members scattered...
farmed marine and freshwater finfish of US$100 million in 1997. Myxoboluscerebralis, a myxosporean parasite, causes whirling disease in farmed salmon...
electron microscopic studies on the chronological development of Myxoboluscerebralis to the actinosporean stage in Tubifex tubifex". International Journal...
was presumed. In 1984, it was shown experimentally that spores of Myxoboluscerebralis failed to produce infections when fed to salmonids. To reproduce...
economically significant losses to aquaculture and fisheries, such as Myxoboluscerebralis and Ceratomyxa shasta. The Myxosporean stages of members of the bivalvulida...
medicine to treat salmonids for infection with the myxozoan parasite Myxoboluscerebralis. Antimalarial activity also predominates in a quinoline that bears...
Danielle M.; Molloy, Daniel P.; Bartholomew, Jerri. "Whirling Disease - Myxoboluscerebralis" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 February 2008. Retrieved...
antiparasitic to treat salmonids for infection with the myxozoan parasite, Myxoboluscerebralis clavamox – antibiotic, used to treat skin and other infections clindamycin...
MacConnell, E., and E. R. Vincent. 2002. Review: The effects of Myxoboluscerebralis on the salmonid host. Pages 95–107 in J. L. Bartholomew and J. C...
farmed marine and freshwater finfish of US$100 million in 1997. Myxoboluscerebralis, a myxosporean parasite, causes whirling disease in farmed salmon...
freshwater fishes, and includes the economically significant species, Myxoboluscerebralis. They have been shown to have a complex life cycle, involving an...
are not closely related to Polypodium. Also, the obligate parasite Myxoboluscerebralis lives in freshwater. Thus, it appears that in the evolution of cnidarians...
fish species, rather than an oligochaete or polychaete worm as for Myxoboluscerebralis. To date, T. bryosalmonae has been found to parasitize at least five...
Where M. cerebralis has become well-established, it has caused a decline or even elimination of whole cohorts of fish. The parasite M. cerebralis was first...
Kudoa species are distinct from other myxozoans analyzed (Myxidium sp., Myxobolus sp., and Henneguya zschokkei).[1] Kudoa thyrsites is an interesting member...
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