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Montreal Protocol
The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer
Signed
16 September 1987
Location
Montreal
Effective
1 January 1989 if 11 states have ratified by then.
Condition
Ratification by 20 states
Signatories
46
Ratifiers
198 (all United Nations members, as well as the Cook Islands, Niue, the Holy See, and the European Union)
Depositary
Secretary-General of the United Nations
Languages
Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish.
The largest Antarctic ozone hole recorded as of September 2006Retrospective video on the Montreal Protocol and the collaboration between policy-makers, scientists, and industry leaders to regulate CFCs.
The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion. It was agreed on 16 September 1987, and entered into force on 1 January 1989. Since then, it has undergone nine revisions, in 1990 (London), 1991 (Nairobi), 1992 (Copenhagen), 1993 (Bangkok), 1995 (Vienna), 1997 (Montreal), 1999 (Beijing) and 2016 (Kigali).[1][2][3] As a result of the international agreement, the ozone hole in Antarctica is slowly recovering.[4] Climate projections indicate that the ozone layer will return to 1980 levels between 2040 (across much of the world) and 2066 (over Antarctica).[5][6][7] Due to its widespread adoption and implementation, it has been hailed as an example of successful international co-operation. Former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan stated that "perhaps the single most successful international agreement to date has been the Montreal Protocol".[8][9] In comparison, effective burden-sharing and solution proposals mitigating regional conflicts of interest have been among the success factors for the ozone depletion challenge, where global regulation based on the Kyoto Protocol has failed to do so.[10] In this case of the ozone depletion challenge, there was global regulation already being installed before a scientific consensus was established. Also, overall public opinion was convinced of possible imminent risks.[11][12]
The ozone treaty has been ratified by 198 parties (197 states and the European Union),[13] making them the first universally ratified treaties in United Nations history.[14]
This truly universal treaty has also been remarkable in the expedience of the policy-making process at the global scale, where only 14 years lapsed between a basic scientific research discovery (1973) and the international agreement signed (1985 and 1987).
^Hub, IISD's SDG Knowledge. "Kigali Amendment Enters into Force, Bringing Promise of Reduced Global Warming | News | SDG Knowledge Hub | IISD". Retrieved 7 March 2019.
^McGrath, Matt (15 October 2016). "Deal reached on HFC greenhouse gases". BBC.
^"Adjustments to the Montreal Protocol". United Nations Environment Programme Ozone Secretariat. Archived from the original on 23 August 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
^Ewenfeldt B, "Ozonlagret mår bättre", Arbetarbladet 12-9-2014, p. 10.
^"Ozone Layer on Track to Recovery: Success Story Should Encourage Action on Climate". UNEP. UNEP. 10 September 2014. Archived from the original on 13 September 2014. Retrieved 18 September 2014.
^Susan Solomon; Anne R. Douglass; Paul A. Newman (July 2014). "The Antarctic ozone hole: An update". Physics Today. 67 (7): 42–48. Bibcode:2014PhT....67g..42D. doi:10.1063/PT.3.2449. hdl:1721.1/99159.
^Canada, Environment and Climate Change (20 February 2015). "Ozone layer depletion: Montreal Protocol". aem. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
^"The Ozone Hole-The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer". Theozonehole.com. 16 September 1987. Archived from the original on 12 September 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2007.
^"Background for International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer - 16 September". un.org. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
^Of Montreal and Kyoto: A Tale of Two Protocols Archived 26 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine by Cass R. Sunstein 38 ELR 10566 8/2008
^Environmental Politics Climate Change and Knowledge Politics Archived 26 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine Reiner Grundmann, Vol. 16, No. 3, 414–432, June 2007
^Technische Problemlösung, Verhandeln und umfassende Problemlösung, (eng. technical trouble shooting, negotiating and generic problem solving capability) Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine in Gesellschaftliche Komplexität und kollektive Handlungsfähigkeit (Societys complexity and collective ability to act), ed. Schimank, U. (2000). Frankfurt/Main: Campus, p.154-182 book summary at the Max Planck Gesellschaft Archived 12 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine
^"Status of Ratification – The Ozone Secretariat". Ozone.unep.org. Archived from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2008.
^"UNEP press release: "South Sudan Joins Montreal Protocol and Commits to Phasing Out Ozone-Damaging Substances"". Unep.org. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
The MontrealProtocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production...
The Kigali Amendment to the MontrealProtocol is an international agreement to gradually reduce the consumption and production of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)...
harming plants and animals. These concerns led to the adoption of the MontrealProtocol in 1987, which bans the production of CFCs, halons, and other ozone-depleting...
the manufacture of such compounds has been phased out under the MontrealProtocol, and they are being replaced with other products such as hydrofluorocarbons...
in commemoration of the date, in 1987, on which nations signed the MontrealProtocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. In 1994, the UN General...
strengthen the MontrealProtocol, Ghana on behalf of all African States parties to the MontrealProtocol proposed a Decision that the MontrealProtocol Parties...
respect to the convention "null and void". On 24 February 1988 in Montreal, the Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence at Airports serving...
methyl bromide were produced. Its production was curtailed by the MontrealProtocol, such that in 1983, production was nearly twice that of 2009 levels...
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which were phased out from use by the MontrealProtocol, and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) which are presently being phased...
ozone hole in 1985. After negotiation of an international treaty (the MontrealProtocol), CFC production was capped at 1986 levels with commitments to long-term...
The Kyoto Protocol (Japanese: 京都議定書, Hepburn: Kyōto Giteisho) was an international treaty which extended the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on...
take into account the wider causes of environmental issues. The 1987 MontrealProtocol is commonly cited as a CAC success story at international level. The...
tetrafluoromethane (CF4). Following the unanimous ratification of the 1987 MontrealProtocol—in response to concerns about the role of concentrations of chlorofluorocarbons...
(HCFCs). As these substances were found to deplete the ozone layer, the MontrealProtocol began to lay down provisions for them to be phased-out globally after...
halocarbons. Most uses of CFCs are now banned or severely restricted by the MontrealProtocol of August 1987, as they have been shown to be responsible for ozone...
the ozone holes over polar regions. This led to the signing of the MontrealProtocol in 1987 which aimed to phase out CFCs and HCFC but did not address...
propellant and refrigerant. These applications were phased out under the MontrealProtocol in developed countries in 2020 due to the compound's ozone depletion...
potentially harmful gases. UNEP banned the use of Halon gases in the MontrealProtocol treaty in 1987 due to ozone depletion and the ozone-depleting effect...
Protection of the Ozone Layer and the MontrealProtocol that amended it are seen as success stories, while the Kyoto Protocol on anthropogenic climate change...
warming. Although CFCs are greenhouse gases, they are regulated by the MontrealProtocol which was motivated by CFCs' contribution to ozone depletion rather...
model can work, as seen in the MontrealProtocol, there has been a shift away from this after it failed in the Kyoto Protocol and more recently is in jeopardy[citation...
Facility (GEF) and the Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the MontrealProtocol. UNEP sometimes uses the alternative name UN Environment. The headquarters...
gas emissions than the Kyoto Protocol specifically designed to do so. The 2016 Kigali Amendment to the MontrealProtocol aims to reduce the emissions...
organobromine compounds are all now regulated as ozone depletion agents. The MontrealProtocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer scheduled the phase out...
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