a = 674.30 pm b = 466.85 pm c = 870.02 pm (at triple point: 269.60 K)[5]
Thermal conductivity
0.122 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity
7.8×1010 Ω⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering
diamagnetic[6]
Molar magnetic susceptibility
−56.4×10−6 cm3/mol[7]
Speed of sound
206 m/s (at 20 °C)
CAS Number
7726-95-6
History
Discovery and first isolation
Antoine Jérôme Balard and Carl Jacob Löwig (1825)
Isotopes of bromine
v
e
Main isotopes[8]
Decay
abundance
half-life (t1/2)
mode
product
75Br
synth
96.7 min
β+
75Se
76Br
synth
16.2 h
β+
76Se
77Br
synth
57.04 h
β+
77Se
79Br
50.6%
stable
80mBr
synth
4.4205 h
IT
80Br
81Br
49.4%
stable
82Br
synth
35.282 h
β−
82Kr
Category: Bromine
view
talk
edit
| references
Bromine is a chemical element; it has symbol Br and atomic number 35. It is a volatile red-brown liquid at room temperature that evaporates readily to form a similarly coloured vapour. Its properties are intermediate between those of chlorine and iodine. Isolated independently by two chemists, Carl Jacob Löwig (in 1825) and Antoine Jérôme Balard (in 1826), its name was derived from the Ancient Greek βρῶμος (bromos) meaning "stench", referring to its sharp and pungent smell.
Elemental bromine is very reactive and thus does not occur as a free element in nature. Instead, it can be isolated from colourless soluble crystalline mineral halide salts analogous to table salt, a property it shares with the other halogens. While it is rather rare in the Earth's crust, the high solubility of the bromide ion (Br−) has caused its accumulation in the oceans. Commercially the element is easily extracted from brine evaporation ponds, mostly in the United States and Israel. The mass of bromine in the oceans is about one three-hundredth that of chlorine.
At standard conditions for temperature and pressure it is a liquid; the only other element that is liquid under these conditions is mercury. At high temperatures, organobromine compounds readily dissociate to yield free bromine atoms, a process that stops free radical chemical chain reactions. This effect makes organobromine compounds useful as fire retardants, and more than half the bromine produced worldwide each year is put to this purpose. The same property causes ultraviolet sunlight to dissociate volatile organobromine compounds in the atmosphere to yield free bromine atoms, causing ozone depletion. As a result, many organobromine compounds—such as the pesticide methyl bromide—are no longer used. Bromine compounds are still used in well drilling fluids, in photographic film, and as an intermediate in the manufacture of organic chemicals.
Large amounts of bromide salts are toxic from the action of soluble bromide ions, causing bromism. However, bromine is beneficial for human eosinophils,[9] and is an essential trace element for collagen development in all animals.[10] Hundreds of known organobromine compounds are generated by terrestrial and marine plants and animals, and some serve important biological roles.[11] As a pharmaceutical, the simple bromide ion (Br−) has inhibitory effects on the central nervous system, and bromide salts were once a major medical sedative, before replacement by shorter-acting drugs. They retain niche uses as antiepileptics.
^"Standard Atomic Weights: Bromine". CIAAW. 2011.
^Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
^ abHaynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 4.121. ISBN 1-4398-5511-0.
^Br(II) is known to occur in bromine monoxide radical; see Kinetics of the bromine monoxide radical + bromine monoxide radical reaction
^Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
^Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics(PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
^Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
^Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
^Cite error: The named reference pmid2538427 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference pmid24906154 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Gribble99 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
Bromine is a chemical element; it has symbol Br and atomic number 35. It is a volatile red-brown liquid at room temperature that evaporates readily to...
Bromine (35Br) has two stable isotopes, 79Br and 81Br, and 35 known radioisotopes, the most stable of which is 77Br, with a half-life of 57.036 hours...
In organic chemistry, the bromine test is a qualitative test for the presence of unsaturation (carbon-to-carbon double or triple bonds), phenols and anilines...
Bromine fluoride may refer to several compounds with the elements bromine and fluorine: Bromine monofluoride, BrF Bromine trifluoride, BrF3 Bromine pentafluoride...
Bromine water is an oxidizing, intense brown mixture containing diatomic bromine (Br2) dissolved in water (H2O). It is often used as a reactive in chemical...
with the formula HBr. It is a hydrogen halide consisting of hydrogen and bromine. A colorless gas, it dissolves in water, forming hydrobromic acid, which...
Bromine monofluoride is a quite unstable interhalogen compound with the chemical formula BrF. It can be produced through the reaction of bromine trifluoride...
Bromine compounds are compounds containing the element bromine (Br). These compounds usually form the -1, +1, +3 and +5 oxidation states. Bromine is intermediate...
A bromide ion is the negatively charged form (Br−) of the element bromine, a member of the halogens group on the periodic table. Most bromides are colorless...
Bromine monochloride, also called bromine(I) chloride, bromochloride, and bromine chloride, is an interhalogen inorganic compound with chemical formula...
consisting of six chemically related elements: fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and the radioactive elements astatine (At) and tennessine...
organobromides, which are organic compounds that contain carbon bonded to bromine. The most pervasive is the naturally produced bromomethane. One prominent...
Bromine pentafluoride, BrF5, is an interhalogen compound and a fluoride of bromine. It is a strong fluorinating agent. BrF5 finds use in oxygen isotope...
Bromine trifluoride is an interhalogen compound with the formula BrF3. At room temperature, it is a straw-coloured liquid with a pungent odor which decomposes...
Bromine can form several different oxides: Dibromine monoxide (Br2O) Bromine dioxide (BrO2) Dibromine trioxide (Br2O3) Dibromine pentoxide (Br2O5) Tribromine...
Bromine azide is an explosive inorganic compound with the formula BrN3. It has been described as a crystal or a red liquid at room temperature.[citation...
Bromine monoxide is a binary inorganic compound of bromine and oxygen with the chemical formula BrO. A free radical, this compound is the simplest of many...
Bromine dioxide is the chemical compound composed of bromine and oxygen with the formula BrO2. It forms unstable yellow to yellow-orange crystals. It was...
In chemistry, the bromine number is the amount of bromine (Br2) in grams absorbed by 100 g of a sample. The bromine number was once used as a measure...
chlorine are more electrophilic and are more aggressive halogenating agents. Bromine is a weaker halogenating agent than both fluorine and chlorine, while iodine...
hydrogen atom is replaced with a bromine atom. They have the general formula C7H8–nBrn, where n = 1–5 is the number of bromine atoms. Monobromotoluenes are...
The bromine cycle is a biogeochemical cycle of bromine through the atmosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere. Bromine is present naturally as bromide salts...
salt bromide and produce bromine that is then released to the atmosphere. Subsequent photolysis of this bromine generates bromine radicals that can react...
North Carolina. It operates 3 divisions: lithium (68.4% of 2022 revenues), bromine specialties (19.3% of 2022 revenues) and catalysts (12.3% of 2022 revenues)...