Bütschli 1885 [1880-1889] sensu Gomez 2012[1][2][3]
Classes
Ellobiophyceae
Psammosea
Oxyrrhea
Pronoctilucea
Duboscquellea
Syndiniophyceae
Noctiluciphyceae
Dinophyceae
Synonyms
Cilioflagellata Claparède & Lachmann, 1868
Dinophyta Dillon, 1963
Dinophyceae sensu Pascher, 1914
Pyrrophyta Pascher 1914
Pyrrhophycophyta Papenfuss 1946
Arthrodelen Flagellaten Stein 1883
Dinomastigota Margulis & Sagan, 1985
Dinophyta Dillon, 1963
Dinoflagellates are eukaryotic plankton, existing in marine and freshwater environments. Previously, dinoflagellates had been grouped into two categories, phagotrophs and phototrophs.[4] Mixotrophs, however include a combination of phagotrophy and phototrophy.[5] Mixotrophic dinoflagellates are a sub-type of planktonic dinoflagellates and are part of the phylum Dinoflagellata.[5] They are flagellated eukaryotes that combine photoautotrophy when light is available, and heterotrophy via phagocytosis. Dinoflagellates are one of the most diverse and numerous species of phytoplankton, second to diatoms.
Dinoflagellates have long whip-like structures called flagella that allow them to move freely throughout the water column. They are mainly marine but can also be found in freshwater environments. Combinations of phototrophy and phagotrophy allow organisms to supplement their inorganic nutrient uptake[6] This means an increased trophic transfer to higher levels in food web compared to the traditional food web.[6]
Mixotrophic dinoflagellates have the ability to thrive in changing ocean environments, resulting in shifts in red tide phenomenon and paralytic shellfish poisoning.[6] It is unknown as to how many species of dinoflagellates have mixotrophic capabilities, as this is a relatively new feeding-mechanism discovery.
^Gómez F (2012). "A checklist and classification of living dinoflagellates (Dinoflagellata, Alveolata)". CICIMAR Oceánides. 27 (1): 65–140. doi:10.37543/oceanides.v27i1.111.
^Ruggiero; et al. (2015), "Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms", PLOS ONE, 10 (4): e0119248, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119248, PMC 4418965, PMID 25923521
^Silar, Philippe (2016), "Protistes Eucaryotes: Origine, Evolution et Biologie des Microbes Eucaryotes", HAL Archives-ouvertes: 1–462
^Yoo, Yeong Du; Jeong, Hae Jin; Kang, Nam Seon; Song, Jae Yoon; Kim, Kwang Young; Lee, Gitack; Kim, Juhyoung (2010-03-01). "Feeding by the newly described mixotrophic dinoflagellate Paragymnodinium shiwhaense: feeding mechanism, prey species, and effect of prey concentration". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 57 (2): 145–158. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2009.00448.x. ISSN 1550-7408. PMID 20487129. S2CID 6312832.
^ abStoecker, Diane K. (1999-07-01). "Mixotrophy among Dinoflagellates1". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 46 (4): 397–401. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1999.tb04619.x. ISSN 1550-7408. S2CID 83885629.
^ abcMitra, A.; et al. (2014). "The role of mixotrophic protists in the biological carbon pump". Biogeosciences. 11 (4): 995–1005. doi:10.5194/bg-11-995-2014. hdl:10453/117781.
and 28 Related for: Mixotrophic dinoflagellate information
combination of phagotrophy and phototrophy. Mixotrophicdinoflagellates are a sub-type of planktonic dinoflagellates and are part of the phylum Dinoflagellata...
temperature, salinity, and depth. Many dinoflagellates are photosynthetic, but a large fraction of these are in fact mixotrophic, combining photosynthesis with...
Predatory dinoflagellates are predatory heterotrophic or mixotrophic alveolates that derive some or most of their nutrients from digesting other organisms...
groups include the foraminiferans, radiolarians and dinoflagellates (the last of these are often mixotrophic). Important metazoan zooplankton include cnidarians...
heterotrophic (an organism that uses organic carbon for growth) and mixotrophicdinoflagellates species (able to exploit different trophic pathways), relative...
microbes, but there are many examples of mixotrophic invertebrates and at least one example of a mixotrophic vertebrate. The spotted salamander, Ambystoma...
other genera of dinoflagellates. Reproduction of the phytoplankton species is primarily asexual. Recently recognized as mixotrophic, A. sanguinea is...
forms are parasitic. Many dinoflagellates are mixotrophic and could also be classified as phytoplankton. The toxic dinoflagellate Dinophysis acuta acquire...
000 species. Dinoflagellates, unicellular flagellated algae, with some that are armored with cellulose. Dinoflagellates can be mixotrophic, and are the...
those which contain endosymbionts (e.g. mixotrophic Rhizaria such as Foraminifera and Radiolaria, dinoflagellates like Noctiluca). Both plastidic and generalist...
Shuwen; Liu, Hongbin (2021-11-11). "Effects of temperature on a mixotrophicdinoflagellate (Lepidodinium sp.) under different nutritional strategies". Marine...
forms are parasitic. Many dinoflagellates are mixotrophic and could also be classified as phytoplankton. The toxic dinoflagellate Dinophysis acuta acquire...
greater the impact from global warming. Dinoflagellate Cellulose Chromatophores Photosynthesis Heterotroph Mixotrophic Red tides Fish kills Gómez, F (2013)...
Oxyrrhis marina is a species of heterotrophic dinoflagellate with flagella that is widely distributed in the world's oceans. This protozoan species has...
energy source) and heterotrophy (predation as energy source). Mixotrophicdinoflagellates are very common in the food web, and "Vitrella"-like organisms...
tracheophytes (vascular plants). Most are phototrophic, although some are mixotrophic, deriving energy both from photosynthesis and uptake of organic carbon...
described; these are the "cyanosponges" and "phototrophs". Cyanosponges are mixotrophic and therefore obtain energy through heterotrophic feeding as well as...
typically contributing to a flexible pellicle (thin skin). In armored dinoflagellates they may contain stiff plates. Alveolates have mitochondria with tubular...
Important groups of phytoplankton include the diatoms, cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates, although many other groups are represented. Most phytoplankton are...
(/ˌzoʊəzænˈθɛliː/; sg. zooxanthella) is a colloquial term for single-celled dinoflagellates that are able to live in symbiosis with diverse marine invertebrates...
techniques. They found a huge range of previously unknown photosynthetic and mixotrophic algae. Among their findings were the diplonemids. These organisms are...
photosynthesis. Among the more important groups are the diatoms, cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates, and coccolithophores. Zooplankton (from Greek zoon, or animal) are...
unrelated to the tides. Not all red tides are produced by dinoflagellates. The mixotrophic ciliate Mesodinium rubrum produces non-toxic blooms coloured...
zooflagellates, foraminiferans, radiolarians and some dinoflagellates. Other dinoflagellates are mixotrophic and could also be classified as phytoplankton; the...
widely distributed in tropical and temperate waters. They are typically mixotrophic, ingesting bacteria and smaller protists as well as conducting photosynthesis...
Dinophysis acuminata is a marine plankton species of dinoflagellates that is found in coastal waters of the north Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The genus...
pore into the gullet, which forms food vacuoles. Many species are also mixotrophic, combining phagotrophy and phototrophy through kleptoplasty or symbiosis...
making it the first and only example of mixotrophic euglenids. The genus was defined as including flexible mixotrophic euglenids with two unequal flagella...
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