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Year Without a Summer
1816 summer temperature anomaly compared with average temperatures from 1971 to 2000
Volcano
Mount Tambora
Start date
Eruption occurred on 10 April 1815
Type
Ultra-Plinian
Location
Lesser Sunda Islands, Dutch East Indies (now Republic of Indonesia)
Impact
Caused a volcanic winter that dropped temperatures by 0.4–0.7°C (or 0.7–1°F) worldwide
The year 1816 AD is known as the Year Without a Summer because of severe climate abnormalities that caused average global temperatures to decrease by 0.4–0.7 °C (0.7–1 °F).[1] Summer temperatures in Europe were the coldest of any on record between 1766 and 2000,[2] resulting in crop failures and major food shortages across the Northern Hemisphere.[3]
Evidence suggests that the anomaly was predominantly a volcanic winter event caused by the massive 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora in April in the Dutch East Indies (modern-day Indonesia). This eruption was the largest in at least 1,300 years (after the hypothesized eruption causing the volcanic winter of 536); its effect on the climate may have been exacerbated by the 1814 eruption of Mayon in the Philippines.
^Stothers, Richard B. (1984). "The Great Tambora Eruption in 1815 and Its Aftermath". Science. 224 (4654): 1191–1198. Bibcode:1984Sci...224.1191S. doi:10.1126/science.224.4654.1191. PMID 17819476. S2CID 23649251.
^Schurer, Andrew P.; Hegerl, Gabriele C.; Luterbacher, Jürg; Brönnimann, Stefan; Cowan, Tim; Tett, Simon F. B.; Zanchettin, Davide; Timmreck, Claudia (September 17, 2019). "Disentangling the causes of the 1816 European year without a summer". Environmental Research Letters. 14 (9): 094019. Bibcode:2019ERL....14i4019S. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab3a10. hdl:21.11116/0000-0004-B878-6. ISSN 1748-9326.
^"Saint John New Brunswick Time Date". New-brunswick.net. Archived from the original on January 9, 2017. Retrieved March 5, 2012.
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