Not to be confused with the marine otter or Eurasian otter.For other uses, see Sea otter (disambiguation).
Sea otter
In Morro Bay, California
Conservation status
Endangered (IUCN 3.1)[1]
CITES Appendix II (CITES)[2][note 1]
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Carnivora
Family:
Mustelidae
Subfamily:
Lutrinae
Genus:
Enhydra
Species:
E. lutris
Binomial name
Enhydra lutris
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Subspecies
E. l. lutris
E. l. kenyoni
E. l. nereis
Sea otter range
Synonyms
Mustela lutris Linnaeus, 1758
The sea otter (Enhydra lutris) is a marine mammal native to the coasts of the northern and eastern North Pacific Ocean. Adult sea otters typically weigh between 14 and 45 kg (30 and 100 lb), making them the heaviest members of the weasel family, but among[3] the smallest marine mammals. Unlike most marine mammals, the sea otter's primary form of insulation is an exceptionally thick coat of fur, the densest in the animal kingdom. Although it can walk on land, the sea otter is capable of living exclusively in the ocean.
The sea otter inhabits nearshore environments, where it dives to the sea floor to forage. It preys mostly on marine invertebrates such as sea urchins, various mollusks and crustaceans, and some species of fish. Its foraging and eating habits are noteworthy in several respects. Its use of rocks to dislodge prey and to open shells makes it one of the few mammal species to use tools. In most of its range, it is a keystone species, controlling sea urchin populations which would otherwise inflict extensive damage to kelp forest ecosystems.[4] Its diet includes prey species that are also valued by humans as food, leading to conflicts between sea otters and fisheries.
Sea otters, whose numbers were once estimated at 150,000–300,000, were hunted extensively for their fur between 1741 and 1911, and the world population fell to 1,000–2,000 individuals living in a fraction of their historic range.[5] A subsequent international ban on hunting, sea otter conservation efforts, and reintroduction programs into previously populated areas have contributed to numbers rebounding, and the species occupies about two-thirds of its former range. The recovery of the sea otter is considered an important success in marine conservation, although populations in the Aleutian Islands and California have recently declined or have plateaued at depressed levels. For these reasons, the sea otter remains classified as an endangered species.
^Doroff, A.; Burdin, A. (2015). "Enhydra lutris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T7750A21939518. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T7750A21939518.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
^"Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
^"The secret life of otters". www.montereybayaquarium.org. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
^Womble, Jamie (29 July 2016). "A Keystone Species, the Sea Otter, Colonizes Glacier Bay". National Park Service. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
^Riedman, M.L.; Estes, James A. (1990). The sea otter (Enhydra lutris): behavior, ecology, and natural history. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report (Report). Washington, D.C. p. 126. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
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