December 1761 Pomautsch [lt], Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (present-day Pamūšis, Šiauliai County, Lithuania)
Died
24 September [O.S. 12 September] 1818 (aged 56) Insterburg, Kingdom of Prussia (present-day Chernyakhovsk, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia)
Buried
Beckhof (present-day Jõgeveste, Valga County, Estonia)
Allegiance
Russian Empire
Service/branch
Imperial Russian Army
Years of service
1776–1818
Rank
Field Marshal
Commands held
Governor-General of Finland Minister of War
Battles/wars
Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)
Siege of Ochakov
Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) Kościuszko Uprising
Capture of Vilnius[2]
Battle of Praga
Finnish War Napoleonic Wars
Battle of Pułtusk
Battle of Eylau
Battle of Vitebsk
Battle of Smolensk
Battle of Valutino
Battle of Borodino
Battle of Bautzen
Battle of Dresden
Battle of Kulm
Battle of Leipzig
Battle of La Rothière
Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube
Battle of Fère-Champenoise
Battle of Paris
Awards
See § Awards and decorations
Coat of arms of the princely Barclay de Tolly family of 1815, in the Baltic Coat of arms book by Carl Arvid von Klingspor in 1882[3]
Prince Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly[nb 1] (baptised 27 December [O.S. 16 December] 1761 – 26 May [O.S. 14 May] 1818) was a Russian Field Marshal who figured prominently in the Napoleonic Wars.
Barclay was born into a Baltic German family from Livland. His father was the first of his family to be accepted into the Russian nobility. Barclay joined the Imperial Russian Army at a young age in 1776. He served with distinction in the Russo-Turkish War (1787–92), the Russo-Swedish War (1788–90), and the Kościuszko Uprising (1794).
In 1806, Barclay began commanding in the Napoleonic Wars, distinguishing himself at the Battle of Pułtusk that same year. He was wounded at the Battle of Eylau in 1807 while his troops were covering the retreat of the Russian army. Because of his wounds, he was forced to leave command. The following year, he carried out successful operations in the Finnish War against Sweden. Barclay led a large number of Russian troops approximately 100 km across the frozen Gulf of Bothnia in winter during a snowstorm. For his accomplishments, Barclay de Tolly was appointed Governor-General of the Grand Duchy of Finland. From 20 January 1810 to September 1812 he was the Minister of War of the Russian Empire.
When the French invasion of Russia began in 1812, Barclay de Tolly was commander of the 1st Army of the West, the largest Army to face Napoleon. Barclay initiated a scorched earth policy from the beginning of the campaign, though this made him unpopular among Russians. After the Battle of Smolensk failed to halt the French and discontent among Russians continued to grow, Alexander I appointed Mikhail Kutuzov as Commander-in-Chief, though Barclay remained in charge of the 1st Army. However, Kutuzov continued the same scorched earth retreat up to Moscow where the Battle of Borodino took place nearby. Barclay commanded the right wing and center of the Russian army for the battle. After Napoleon's retreat, the eventual success of Barclay's tactics made him a hero among Russians. He became Commander-in-Chief in 1813 after the battle of Bautzen, replacing Wittgenstein (who had been appointed after Kutuzov's death early in 1813) and led the taking of Paris, for which he was made a Field Marshal. His health later declined and he died on a visit to Germany in 1818.
^ abBritannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Mikhail Bogdanovich, Prince Barclay de Tolly". Encyclopedia Britannica, 20 Dec. 2022. Accessed 10 May 2023.
^Bezotosny 2016.
^Carl Arvid von Klingspor (1882). Baltisches Wappenbuch. Stockholm. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-543-98710-5. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
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