You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Finnish. (June 2023) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Finnish Wikipedia article at [[:fi:Suomen suuriruhtinaskunta]]; see its history for attribution.
You should also add the template {{Translated|fi|Suomen suuriruhtinaskunta}} to the talk page.
For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.
Grand Duchy of Finland
Suomen suuriruhtinaskunta(Finnish)
Storfurstendömet Finland(Swedish)
Великое княжество Финляндское(Russian)
1809–1917
Coat of arms
The Grand Duchy of Finland in 1914
Status
Grand Duchy ruled by the Russian Empire
Capital
Turku (1809–1812) Helsinki (1812–1917)
Common languages
Finnish
Swedish
German
Russian
Sami
Karelian
Romani
Religion
Official religions: Evangelical Lutheran (until 1867) Russian Orthodox (until 1917)
Demonym(s)
Finnish, Finn
Government
Monarchy
Grand Duke
• 1809–1825
Alexander I
• 1825–1855
Nicholas I
• 1855–1881
Alexander II
• 1881–1894
Alexander III
• 1894–1917
Nicholas II
Governor-General
• 1809 (first)
Georg Sprengtporten
• 1917 (last)
Nikolai Nekrasov
Vice Chairman
• 1822–1826 (first)
Carl Erik Mannerheim
• 1917 (last)
Anders Wirenius
Legislature
Diet (1809–1906) Parliament (1906–1917)
History
• Diet of Porvoo
29 March 1809
• Treaty of Fredrikshamn
17 September 1809
• Independence declared
6 December 1917
Currency
Swedish riksdaler (1809–1840) Russian ruble (1840–1860) Finnish markka (1860–1917)
ISO 3166 code
FI
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Swedish Finland
Vyborg Governorate
Kingdom of Finland
Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic
Today part of
Finland Russia
The Grand Duchy of Finland, officially and also translated as the Grand Principality of Finland,[a] was the predecessor state of modern Finland. It existed between 1809 and 1917 as an autonomous state ruled by the Russian Empire.[1]
Originating in the 16th century as a titular grand duchy held by the King of Sweden, the country became autonomous after its annexation by Russia in the Finnish War of 1808–1809. The Grand Duke of Finland was the Romanov Emperor of Russia, represented by the Governor-General. Due to the governmental structure of the Russian Empire and Finnish initiative, the Grand Duchy's autonomy expanded until the end of the 19th century. The Senate of Finland, founded in 1809, became the most important governmental organ and the precursor to the modern Government of Finland, the Supreme Court of Finland, and the Supreme Administrative Court of Finland.[2]
Economic, social and political changes in the Grand Duchy of Finland paralleled those in the Russian Empire and the rest of Europe. The economy grew slowly during the first half of the 19th century. The reign of Alexander II (1855–1881) saw significant cultural, social and intellectual progress, and an industrializing economy. Tensions increased after Saint Petersburg adopted Russification policies in 1898; the new circumstances saw the reduction of Finnish autonomy and cultural expression. Unrest in Russia and Finland during the First World War (1914–1918) and the subsequent collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917 resulted in the Finnish Declaration of Independence and the end of the Grand Duchy.[3]
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).
^Jussila, Henttilä & Nevakivi 1995, pp. ix, 1, 10.
The GrandDuchyofFinland, officially and also translated as the Grand Principality ofFinland, was the predecessor state of modern Finland. It existed...
official title of the ruler of the autonomous GrandDuchyofFinland, who was also the Emperor of Russia. The anachronistic female form of the title in...
governmental policy of the Russian Empire aimed at limiting the special status of the GrandDuchyofFinland and possibly the termination of its political autonomy...
became a GrandDuchyofFinland, an autonomous state ruled by the Russian Empire. During this period, Finnish art flourished and the idea of full independence...
of arms of Elias Brenner is the coat of arms ofFinland based on the model from the end of the 17th century. After Finland was made into GrandDuchy (as...
countries in Northern Europe, such as the Grand Duchy ofFinland or the GrandDuchyof Lithuania The term grand duke as a monarch reigning over an independent...
autonomous GrandDuchyofFinland. The Lutheran religion dominated. Finnish nationalism emerged in the 19th century. It focused on Finnish cultural traditions...
War (1741–1743). Old Finland was joined to the autonomous GrandDuchyofFinland as Viipuri Province in 1812. In the Treaty of Nystad (1721) that concluded...
(before the 1800s) were reverted to governorates. Governorates of the GrandDuchyofFinland during 1831–1917: Åbo och Björneborg Governorate (Russian: Або-Бьернеборгская...
established GrandDuchyofFinland. At that time former capital of Turku was officially known as Åbo' in Swedish', a city across from Sweden on the Gulf of Bothnia...
Prince ofFinland The GrandDuchyofFinland, a state ruled by the Russian Empire (1809–1917) with the Emperor of Russia as the Grand Duke ofFinland (Suomen...
The Principality of Moscow or GrandDuchyof Moscow (Russian: Великое княжество Московское, romanized: Velikoye knyazhestvo Moskovskoye), also known simply...
born in Alastaro, GrandDuchyofFinland, on 17 October 1917 to Frans Vihtori Koivunen and Aune Sofia Koivunen. They had six children, of which Aimo was...
seat of Vyborg Governorate until it was incorporated into the newly created GrandDuchyofFinland, an autonomous part of the Russian Empire. Finland declared...
the GrandDuchyofFinland. After the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II on 2 March (15 March N.S.) 1917, the personal union between Russia and Finland lost...
Diet ofFinland (Finnish Suomen maapäivät, later valtiopäivät; Swedish Finlands Lantdagar), was the legislative assembly of the GrandDuchyofFinland from...
Global Information
