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Matrilineality in Judaism information


In Judaism, the traditional method of determining Jewishness relies on tracing one's maternal line. According to halakha, the recognition of someone as fully Jewish requires them to have been born to a Jewish mother.[1] A person who is born to a non-Jewish mother and a Jewish father is regarded as Zera Yisrael (lit.'Seed of Israel') and will only be accepted as ethnically Jewish and not as religiously Jewish. Thus, being Jewish through the paternal line typically necessitates conversion to Judaism to validate one's identity as a Jew in the fullest sense.

Matrilineal descent is observed in Orthodox Judaism and Conservative Judaism, whereas Reform Judaism and Reconstructionist Judaism accept full Jewishness through either parent; Reform responsa, however, requires an exclusively Jewish upbringing. Patrilineal descent is observed in Karaite Judaism, which asserts that only the Hebrew Bible by itself—that is, disregarding the Oral Torah—is legally and religiously binding.

The origin of Judaism's determination of Jewishness through matrilineality is disputed, but according to many modern academic opinions, it was likely instituted in either the early Tannaitic period (c. 10–70 CE) or in the time of Ezra (c. 460 BCE).[2][3][4]

  1. ^ Mishnah Kidushin 3:12; Shulchan Aruch, Even HaEzer 8:5
  2. ^ Louis Jacobs, There is no Problem of Descent Archived 6 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Judaism 34.1 (Winter 1985), pp. 55-59
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference sjdc was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference schiffman was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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