The Mariner program was conducted by the American space agency NASA to explore other planets. Between 1962 and late 1973, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) designed and built 10 robotic interplanetary probes named Mariner to explore the inner Solar System - visiting the planets Venus, Mars and Mercury for the first time, and returning to Venus and Mars for additional close observations.[1]
The program included a number of interplanetary firsts, including the first planetary flyby, the planetary orbiter, and the first gravity assist maneuver.[2] Of the 10 vehicles in the Mariner series, seven were successful, forming the starting point for many subsequent NASA/JPL space probe programs. The planned Mariner Jupiter-Saturn vehicles were adapted into the Voyager program,[3] while the Viking program orbiters were enlarged versions of the Mariner 9 spacecraft. Later Mariner-based spacecraft include Galileo and Magellan, while the second-generation Mariner Mark II series evolved into the Cassini–Huygens probe.
The total cost of the Mariner program was approximately $554 million.[4]
^ This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: "Mariner to Mercury, Venus and Mars" (PDF). NASA. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 15, 2017. Retrieved October 19, 2020.
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The Marinerprogram was conducted by the American space agency NASA to explore other planets. Between 1962 and late 1973, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory...
planets. Mariner 10 was launched approximately two years after Mariner 9 and was the last spacecraft in the Marinerprogram. (Mariner 11 and Mariner 12 were...
Mariner 1, built to conduct the first American planetary flyby of Venus, was the first spacecraft of NASA's interplanetary Marinerprogram. Developed by...
Mariner 5 (Mariner V or Mariner Venus 1967) was a spacecraft of the Marinerprogram that carried a complement of experiments to probe Venus' atmosphere...
contributed greatly to the exploration of Mars and was part of the NASA Marinerprogram. Mariner 9 was launched toward Mars on May 30, 1971, from LC-36B at Cape...
of the Marinerprogram, and they were thus initially named Mariner 11 and Mariner 12. They were then moved into a separate program named "Mariner Jupiter-Saturn"...
Mariner 4 (together with Mariner 3 known as Mariner-Mars 1964) was the fourth in a series of spacecraft intended for planetary exploration in a flyby...
spacecraft in the NASA Marinerprogram, it was a simplified version of the Block I spacecraft of the Ranger program and an exact copy of Mariner 1. The missions...
part of NASA's wider Marinerprogram. Mariner 6 was launched from Launch Complex 36B at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station and Mariner 7 from Launch Complex...
Exploration Committee in 1983, the Planetary Observer program, and Mariner Mark II. The Observer program, starting with the Mars Observer, was envisioned as...
issue and Mariner 3 stopped responding when its batteries ran out of power. It was the third of ten spacecraft within the Marinerprogram. Mariner 2 had been...
completed Mariner 6 and 7, launched February 1969, completed Mariner 8, launched May 1971, failed Mariner 9, launched May 1971, completed Viking program Viking...
Mariner-H (Mariner Mars '71), also commonly known as Mariner 8, was (along with Mariner 9) part of the Mariner Mars '71 project. It was intended to go...
planned as Mariner 11 of the Marinerprogram. Due to budget cuts, the mission was reduced to a flyby of Jupiter and Saturn and renamed the Mariner Jupiter-Saturn...
and replaced with two Marinerprogram-derived spacecraft, the Mariner Jupiter-Saturn probes. To keep apparent lifetime program costs low, the mission...
75 kg impactor probe Marinerprogram Pioneer anomaly Ranger program Surveyor program Timeline of Solar System exploration Voyager program "Origins of NASA...
The Marinerprogram conducted by NASA launched a series of robotic interplanetary probes designed to investigate Mars, Venus and Mercury. The program included...
Grand Tour" was moved to the Marinerprogram as "Mariner Jupiter-Saturn", which was later calved off into the Voyager program. Two probes were launched in...
Namor McKenzie (/ˈneɪmɔːr/), also known as Namor the Sub-Mariner, or simply Namor, is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel...
previously anticipated. NASA continued the Marinerprogram with another pair of Mars flyby probes, Mariner 6 and 7. They were sent at the next launch...
The Vega program (Russian: Вега) was a series of Venus missions that also took advantage of the appearance of comet 1P/Halley in 1986. Vega 1 and Vega...
Root Sports, is an American regional sports network owned by the Seattle Mariners. Headquartered near Seattle in the city of Bellevue, Washington, the channel...
extraterrestrial Martians. In the 1960s and 1970s, the Marinerprogram and the Viking program revealed new scientific details about Mars that showed little...
led to its cancellation and replacement with Mariner Jupiter-Saturn, which became the Voyager program. The concept of the Grand Tour began in 1964, when...
for a short time thought to exist. On March 27, 1974, two days before Mariner 10 made its flyby of Mercury, instruments began registering large amounts...
Global Information
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: "Mariner to Mercury, Venus and Mars" (PDF). NASA. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 15, 2017. Retrieved October 19, 2020.
