Mannitol is a type of sugar alcohol used as a sweetener and medication.[5][6] It is used as a low calorie sweetener as it is poorly absorbed by the intestines.[5] As a medication, it is used to decrease pressure in the eyes, as in glaucoma, and to lower increased intracranial pressure.[7][6] Medically, it is given by injection or inhalation.[8][9] Effects typically begin within 15 minutes and last up to 8 hours.[8]
Common side effects from medical use include electrolyte problems and dehydration.[8] Other serious side effects may include worsening heart failure and kidney problems.[8][6] It is unclear if use is safe in pregnancy.[8] Mannitol is in the osmotic diuretic family of medications and works by pulling fluid from the brain and eyes.[8]
The discovery of mannitol is attributed to Joseph Louis Proust in 1806.[10] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[11] It was originally made from the flowering ash and called manna due to its supposed resemblance to the Biblical food.[12][13] Mannitol is on the World Anti-Doping Agency's banned drug list due to concerns that it may mask other drugs.[14]
^"FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)". nctr-crs.fda.gov. FDA. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
^"Regulatory Decision Summary - Aridol". Health Canada. 23 October 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
^"Osmitrol- mannitol injection, solution". DailyMed. 15 November 2018. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
^Cite error: The named reference Bronchitol EPAR was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abVarzakas T, Labropoulos A, Anestis S (2012). Sweeteners: Nutritional Aspects, Applications, and Production Technology. CRC Press. pp. 59–60. ISBN 9781439876732. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017.
^ abcWorld Health Organization (2009). Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR (eds.). WHO Model Formulary 2008. World Health Organization. p. 332. hdl:10665/44053. ISBN 9789241547659.
^Wakai A, McCabe A, Roberts I, Schierhout G (August 2013). "Mannitol for acute traumatic brain injury". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013 (8): CD001049. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001049.pub5. PMC 7050611. PMID 23918314.
^ abcdef"Mannitol". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 26 May 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
^Kremers E, Sonnedecker G (1986). Kremers and Urdang's History of Pharmacy. Amer. Inst. History of Pharmacy. p. 360. ISBN 9780931292170. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017.
^World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
^Cottrell JE, Patel P (2016). Cottrell and Patel's Neuroanesthesia. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 160. ISBN 9780323461122.
^Bardal S, Waechter J, Martin D (2010). Applied Pharmacology. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 411. ISBN 978-1437735789.
^"THE 2017 PROHIBITED LIST INTERNATIONAL STANDARD" (PDF). January 2017. p. 5. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
Mannitol is a type of sugar alcohol used as a sweetener and medication. It is used as a low calorie sweetener as it is poorly absorbed by the intestines...
Mannitol salt agar or MSA is a commonly used selective and differential growth medium in microbiology. It encourages the growth of a group of certain bacteria...
Mannitol hexanitrate is a powerful explosive. Physically, it is a powdery solid at normal temperature ranges, with density of 1.73 g/cm3. The chemical...
converting sugars to sugar alcohols. Mannitol is no longer obtained from natural sources; currently, sorbitol and mannitol are obtained by hydrogenation of...
1-O-α-D-glucopyranosido-D-mannitol (1,1-GPM) and 6-O-α-D-glucopyranosido-D-sorbitol (1,6-GPS). Each of these is composed of two sugars: glucose and mannitol in the case...
Mannitol motility medium is a bacterial growth medium used to detect the ability of bacteria to ferment mannite and produce nitrogen gas; and to indicate...
humans also found benefit from mannitol. However, a randomized, double-blind clinical trial found no difference between mannitol and normal saline. Despite...
urine.[citation needed] Glucose, like mannitol, is a sugar that can behave as an osmotic diuretic. Unlike mannitol, glucose is commonly found in the blood...
In enzymology, a mannitol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.255) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction D-mannitol + NAD+ ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons...
Mitobronitol (1,6-dibromo-1,6-dideoxy-D-mannitol) is a brominated analog of mannitol. It is an anticancer drug that is also classified as an alkylating...
renal failure, hyperkalemia and hemolysis. If mannitol is administered, the dosage used is mannitol 20% solution of 1-1.5 g/kg, followed by 0.25-1 g/kg...
renal filtrate. This fluid eventually becomes urine. Two examples are mannitol and isosorbide. In the nephron, osmotic diuretics act at the portions of...
currently controversial. When compared to mannitol, hypertonic saline has been shown to be as effective as mannitol in decreased ICP in neurocritical care...
sweetness as sucrose, but is sweeter than similar compounds like sorbitol and mannitol. Xylitol is stable enough to be used in baking, but because xylitol and...
fructose by sorbitol-6-phosphate 2-dehydrogenase. Sorbitol is an isomer of mannitol, another sugar alcohol; the two differ only in the orientation of the hydroxyl...
diagnosis of the syndrome improves outcomes. Treatment is supportive; mannitol may be used to help with the brain swelling. The first detailed description...
adjacent carbon atoms, (R1,R2)=C(OH)−C(OH)=(R3,R4)) such as glycerol and mannitol. The tetrahydroxyborate anion formed in the dissolution spontaneously reacts...
lacks the amino acid histidine. Mannitol salt agar is selective for gram-positive bacteria and differential for mannitol. Xylose lysine deoxycholate is...
similar purpose. Mannitol salt agar is also a selective and differential medium. The mannitol indicates organisms that ferment mannitol: mannitol fermentation...
severe cases. Once urine output is established, sodium bicarbonate and mannitol are commonly used but they are poorly supported by the evidence. Outcomes...
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