Physical quantity, density of magnetic moment per volume
This article is about magnetization as it appears in Maxwell's equations of classical electrodynamics. For a microscopic description of how magnetic materials react to a magnetic field, see magnetism. For mathematical description of fields surrounding magnets and currents, see magnetic field.
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In classical electromagnetism, magnetization is the vector field that expresses the density of permanent or induced magnetic dipole moments in a magnetic material. Accordingly, physicists and engineers usually define magnetization as the quantity of magnetic moment per unit volume.[1]
It is represented by a pseudovector M. Magnetization can be compared to electric polarization, which is the measure of the corresponding response of a material to an electric field in electrostatics.
Magnetization also describes how a material responds to an applied magnetic field as well as the way the material changes the magnetic field, and can be used to calculate the forces that result from those interactions.
The origin of the magnetic moments responsible for magnetization can be either microscopic electric currents resulting from the motion of electrons in atoms, or the spin of the electrons or the nuclei. Net magnetization results from the response of a material to an external magnetic field.
Paramagnetic materials have a weak induced magnetization in a magnetic field, which disappears when the magnetic field is removed. Ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials have strong magnetization in a magnetic field, and can be magnetized to have magnetization in the absence of an external field, becoming a permanent magnet. Magnetization is not necessarily uniform within a material, but may vary between different points.
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C.A. Gonano; R.E. Zich; M. Mussetta (2015). "Definition for Polarization P and Magnetization M Fully Consistent with Maxwell's Equations" (PDF). Progress in Electromagnetics Research B. 64: 83–101. doi:10.2528/PIERB15100606.
ferrimagnetic materials have strong magnetization in a magnetic field, and can be magnetized to have magnetization in the absence of an external field...
Remanence or remanent magnetization or residual magnetism is the magnetization left behind in a ferromagnetic material (such as iron) after an external...
remanent magnetization. If the magnetization is acquired as the grains are deposited, the result is a depositional detrital remanent magnetization; if it...
or 1×10−6 m3, and therefore an average magnetization magnitude is 100,000 A/m. Iron can have a magnetization of around a million amperes per meter. Such...
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Spontaneous magnetization is the appearance of an ordered spin state (magnetization) at zero applied magnetic field in a ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic...
describes the induced magnetization of a material due to the presence of an external magnetic field. For example, this temporary magnetization inside a steel...
become magnetized in an applied magnetic field. It is the ratio of magnetization M (magnetic moment per unit volume) to the applied magnetizing field intensity...
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field. Magnetization formed by phase change, chemical action or growth of crystals at low temperature is called chemical remanent magnetization. Sediments...
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magnetization. For the special case of ellipsoids (including infinite cylinders) the demagnetization field is linearly related to the magnetization by...
of nuclear magnetization. They are analogous to the Maxwell–Bloch equations. Let M(t) = (Mx(t), My(t), Mz(t)) be the nuclear magnetization. Then the Bloch...
reinforce itself above the plane. In fact, any magnetization pattern where the components of magnetization are π / 2 {\displaystyle \pi /2} out of phase...
introduce the concept of magnetization first. The magnetization vector field M represents how strongly a region of material is magnetized. It is defined as the...
homogeneous magnetization, the problem can be simplified in two different ways, using Stokes' theorem. Upon integration along the direction of magnetization, all...
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electrons' magnetic moments, so they are negligible in the context of the magnetization of materials. Nuclear magnetic moments are nevertheless very important...
magnetization can reverse while heating a ferrimagnetic material from absolute zero to its critical temperature, and that strength of magnetization can...
a material depends on the time scale over which a magnetization curve is measured. The magnetization of a material measured at an applied reversed field...
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Koenigsberger ratio is the proportion of remanent magnetization relative to induced magnetization in natural rocks. It was first described by J.G. Koenigsberger [de]...
gave the materials a thermoremanent magnetization (TRM), and they investigated the properties of this magnetization. Thellier developed a series of conditions...
In physics, magnetization dynamics is the branch of solid-state physics that describes the evolution of the magnetization of a material. A magnetic moment...
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