Magnets exert forces and torques on each other through the interaction of their magnetic fields. The forces of attraction and repulsion are a result of these interactions. The magnetic field of each magnet is due to microscopic currents of electrically charged electrons orbiting nuclei and the intrinsic magnetism of fundamental particles (such as electrons) that make up the material. Both of these are modeled quite well as tiny loops of current called magnetic dipoles that produce their own magnetic field and are affected by external magnetic fields. The most elementary force between magnets is the magnetic dipole–dipole interaction. If all magnetic dipoles for each magnet are known then the net force on both magnets can be determined by summing all the interactions between the dipoles of the first magnet and the dipoles of the second magnet.
It is often more convenient to model the force between two magnets as being due to forces between magnetic poles having magnetic charges spread over them. Positive and negative magnetic charge is always connected by a string of magnetized material; isolated magnetic charge does not exist. This model works well in predicting the forces between simple magnets where good models of how the magnetic charge is distributed are available.
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is preferred (this also applies to magnets with an air gap). To achieve this, in applications like lifting magnets (see photo above) and loudspeakers...
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substantial energy in magnets that could be employed for propulsion or to compensate for energy losses. The forcebetween permanent magnets is conservative...
merit for hard magnets, although maximum energy product is also commonly quoted. The 1980s saw the development of rare-earth magnets with high energy...
the first extant treatise describing the properties of magnets. In 1282, the properties of magnets and the dry compasses were discussed by Al-Ashraf Umar...
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Like charges repelling according to Coulomb's law Repulsive force (magnetism) betweenmagnets of opposite orientation A compressed material repelling bodies...
obsolete in the 1950s by squat, cylindrical magnets made of modern materials,: 3,467 horseshoe magnets are still regularly shown in elementary school...
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place. Some 1,232 dipole magnets keep the beams on their circular path (see image), while an additional 392 quadrupole magnets are used to keep the beams...
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brake magnets, pole shoes, a suspension, a power transmission and, in the case of mainline railroads, a track rod. When current flows through the magnet coil...
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of objects or systems that produce magnetic moments include: permanent magnets; astronomical objects such as many planets, including the Earth, and some...
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