List of presidents of the American Psychiatric Association information
Presidents of the American Psychiatric Association
Name
Year
Notes
Petros Levounis
2023–2024
Current President. Serves as professor and chair of the Department of Psychiatry and associate dean for professional development at Rutgers New Jersey Medical School. He is also the chief of service at University Hospital in Newark, New Jersey. Dr. Levounis came to Rutgers from Columbia University where he served as director of the Addiction Institute of New York from 2002 to 2013.
Rebecca W. Brendel
2022–2023
Director of the Master of Bioethics Program, Associate Director of the Center for Bioethics, and an Associate Professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School. She is also a Director of Law and Ethics at the Center for Law, Brain, and Behavior at Massachusetts General Hospital.
Vivian Pender
2021–2022
Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College. Training psychoanalyst, Columbia University. Founder of Healthcare Against Trafficking, Inc. Consultant psychiatrist and psychoanalyst to the United Nations.
Jeffery Geller
2020–2021
Prior Director of Public Sector Psychiatry and current Professor of Psychiatry at University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMMS). Previous medical director (served 7 years) and current staff psychiatrist, Worcester Recovery Center and Hospital.
Bruce J. Schwartz
2019–2020
Deputy Chair and Clinical Director of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Montefiore and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine. President of the Montefiore Behavioral Care IPA. Medical Director and founding member of University Behavioral Associates.
Altha Stewart
2018–2019
First African-American elected to lead the APA. Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Director, Center for Health in Justice Involved Youth, University of Tennessee Health Science Center.[1]
Anita Everett
2017–2018
Chief Medical Officer, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) and Director of the Office of Chief Medical Officers (OCMO).[2]
Maria A. Oquendo
2016–2017
She was the first Latina president of the APA. Professor and Chairman of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine.[3]
Renée Binder
2015–2016
Associate Dean of Academic Affairs, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) and Forensic Psychiatry Fellowship Director, UCSF Department of Psychiatry.[4][5]
Paul Summergrad
2014–2015
Dr. Frances S. Arkin Professor and Chairman of the Department of Psychiatry at the Tufts University School of Medicine, Psychiatrist-in-Chief of the Tufts Medical Center.[6][7]
Jeffrey Lieberman
2013–2014
Chair of Columbia University Department of Psychiatry, principal investigator for the NIMH CATIE study.[8][9]
Dilip V. Jeste
2012-2013
First Asian-American President of the APA.[10]
John M. Oldham
2011–2012
[11]
Carol A. Bernstein
2010–2011
[12]
Alan F. Schatzberg
2009-2010
[13]
Nada Logan Stotland
2008-2009
[14]
Carolyn Robinowitz
2007–2008
[15]
Pedro Ruiz
2006-2007
[16]
Steven Sharfstein
2005–2006
[17]
Michelle Riba
2004–2005
[18]
Marcia Kraft Goin
2003-2004
[19]
Paul S. Appelbaum
2002-2003
[20]
Richard K. Harding
2001–2002
[21]
Daniel B. Borenstein
2000–2001
[22]
Allan Tasman
1999-2000
[23]
Rodrigo A. Muñoz
1998-1999
[24]
Herbert S. Sacks
1997–1998
[25]
Harold Eist
1996–1997
Mary Jane England
1995-1996
[26]
Jerry M. Wiener
1994-1995
[27]
John McIntyre
1993–1994
[28]
Joseph T. English
1992-1993
[29]
Lawrence Hartmann
1991-1992
[30]
Elissa P. Benedek
1990-1991
[31]
Herbert Pardes
1989-1990
[32]
Paul Fink
1988-1989
[33]
George H. Pollock
1987-1988
[34]
Robert O. Pasnau
1986–1987
[35]
Carol Nadelson
1985-1986
First female president of the American Psychiatric Association.[36] First female editor-in-chief of the American Psychiatric Association Press (1986).[37]
First director of Partners Office for Women's Careers at Brigham and Women’s Hospital (1998).[37]
John A. Talbott
1984-1985
113th president[38]
George Tarjan
1983-1984
[39]
H. Keith H. Brodie
1982-1983
Daniel X. Freedman
1981-1982
[40]
Donald G. Langsley
1980-1981
[41]
Alan A. Stone
1979-1980
[42]
Jules H. Masserman
1978-1979
[43]
Jack Weinberg
1977-1978
[44]
Robert W. Gibson
1976-1977
[45]
Judd Marmor
1975-1976
[46]
John Patrick Spiegel
1974-1975
103rd president[47]
Alfred M. Freedman
1973-1974
Led the effort to de-classify homosexuality as a mental illness.[48][49]
Perry Clement Talkingten
1972–1973
[50]
Ewald W. Busse
1971–1972
[51]
Robert S. Garber
1970–1971
[52][53]
Raymond W. Waggoner
1969–1970
[54]
Lawrence C. Kolb
1968-1969
[55]
Henry W. Brosin
1967–1968
Harvey J. Tompkins
1966–1967
[56]
Howard P. Rome
1965–1966
[57]
Daniel Blain
1964–1965
First medical director of the American Psychiatric Association and founder of the newsletter that became the journal Mental Hospitals (1951–1965), later Hospital & Community Psychiatry (1966–1994) and Psychiatric Services (1995–present).[58][59]
Jack R. Ewalt
1963–1964
[60]
C. H. Hardin Branch
1962–1963
[61]
Walter E. Barton
1961–1962
[62]
Robert H. Felix
1960-1961
[63]
William Malamud
1959–1960
[64]
Francis J. Gerty
1958–1959
[65]
Harry C. Solomon
1957–1958
[66]
Francis J. Braceland
1956–1957
[67][53]
R. Finley Gayle Jr.
1955–1956
[68]
Arthur Percy Noyes
1954–1955
[69]
Kenneth E. Appel
1953–1954
Donald Ewen Cameron
1952–1953
[70]
Leo H. Bartemeier
1951–1952
[71]
John C. Whitehorn
1950–1951
Psychiatrist in Chief from 1941-1960 at Johns Hopkins University and the Chairman of the Department of Psychiatry.[72]
George S. Stevenson
1949-1950
[73]
William Claire Menninger
1948-1949
[74][75]
Winfred Overholser Sr.
1947-1948
[76]
Samuel W. Hamilton
1946–1947
[77]
Karl M. Bowman
1944–1946
[78]
Edward Strecker
1943–1944
Graduated from Jefferson University in 1911. Professor of Mental and Nervous Diseases (1925-1931).[79][53]
Arthur H. Ruggles
1942-1943
[80]
James King Hall
1941-1942
[81]
H. Douglas Singer
1941-1942
Died before taking office.
George H. Stevenson
1940-1941
[82]
William C. Sandy
1939-1940
[83]
Richard H. Hutchings
1938-1939
[84]
Ross McClure Chapman
1937-1938
[85]
C. Macfie Campbell
1936-1937
[86]
Clarence O. Cheney
1935-1936
[87]
C. Fred Williams
1934-1935
[88]
George H. Kirby
1933-1934
[89]
James Vance May
1932-1933
[90]
William L. Russell
1931-1932
Walter M English
1930-1931
Earl D. Bond
1929-1930
Samuel T. Orton
1928-1929
Adolf Meyer
1927-1928
George M. Kline
1926-1927
C. Floyd Haviland
1925-1926
William Alanson White
1924-1925
Thomas W. Salmon
1923-1924
Mental hygiene advocate and chief consultant psychiatrist to the American Expeditionary Forces during World War I.[91]
Henry W. Mitchell
1922-1923
Albert Moore Barrett
1921-1922
Owen Copp
1920-1921
[92]
Henry C. Eyman
1919-1920
[92]
Elmer E. Southard
1918-1919
[93]
James V. Anglin
1917-1918
[94]
Charles G. Wagner
1916-1917
[94]
Edward N. Brush
1915-1916
[95]
Samuel E. Smith
1914-1915
[95]
Carlos Frederick MacDonald
1913–1914
[96][97]
James T. Searcy
1912-1913
[96]
Hubert Work
1911-1912
[98]
Charles W. Pilgrim
1910-1911
[98]
William F. Drewry
1909-1910
[99]
Arthur F. Kilbourne
1908-1909
[99]
Charles P. Bancroft
1907-1908
[100]
Charles G. Hill
1906-1907
[100]
C. B. Burr
1905-1906
T.J. W. Burgess
1904-1905
A. E. Macdonald
1903-1904
G. Adler Bloomer
1902-1903
A. B. Richardson
1902-1903
Died before taking office.
Robert J. Preston
1901-1902
Peter M. Wise
1900-1901
Joseph G. Rogers
1899-1900
Henry M. Hurd
1898-1899
Richard M. Bucke
1897-1898
Theophilus O. Powell
1896-1997
Richard Dewey
1895-1896
Edward Cowles
1894-1895
John Curwen
1893-1894
J.B. Andrews
1892-1893
Daniel Clark
1891-1892
H.P. Stearns
1890-1891
Organization name changed to American Medico-Psychological Association
W.W. Godding
1889-1890
John B. Chapin
1888-1889
Eugene Grissom
1887-1888
H.A. Buttolph
1886-1887
Orpheus Everts
1885-1886
Pliny Earle
1884-1885
John P. Gray
1883-1884
J.H. Callender
1882-1883
Clement Walker
1879-1882
Charles Nichols
1873-1879
John S. Butler
1870-1873
Thomas Story Kirkbride
1862-1870
Andrew McFarland
1859-1862
Isaac Ray
1855-1859
Luther Bell
1851-1855
William Awl
1848-1851
Samuel B. Woodward
1844-1848
First president, founded as the Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane.
^"APA Elects Dr. Altha Stewart as President-Elect, the First African-American to Lead Organization" (Press release). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. 14 February 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
^"Anita Everett Takes Office as APA President" (Press release). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. 25 May 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
^"Maria Oquendo Takes Office as APA President" (Press release). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. 19 May 2016. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
^Summergrad, Paul (July 2016). "Renee Binder, M.D., 142nd President, 2015-2016". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 173 (7): 671. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.173703. PMID 27363552.
^"Renée Binder, M.D., Takes Office as APA President" (Press release). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. 21 May 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
^Glassman, Randy S. (August 2015). "Paul Summergrad, M.D., 141st President, 2014-2015". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 172 (8): 719–20. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.1720703. PMID 26234598.
^"Faculty Bio — Paul Summergrad, MD". Neuroscience CME. CME Outfitters, LLC. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
^Solomon, Andrew (July 2014). "Jeffrey A. Lieberman, M.D., 140th President, 2013-2014". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 171 (7): 740. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.171071. PMID 24980173.
^"Jeffrey Lieberman, M.D". Columbia Psychiatry. Columbia University Department of Psychiatry. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
^Robinowitz, Carolyn B. (October 2013). "Dilip V. Jeste, M.D., 139th President, 2012-2013". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 170 (10): 1108–9. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.1701003. PMID 24084817.
^Michels, Robert (October 2012). "John M. Oldham, M.D., M.S., 138th President, 2011–2012". American Journal of Psychiatry. 169 (10): 1030. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.1691003.
^Robinowitz, Carolyn B. (October 2011). "Carol A. Bernstein, 137th President, 2010–2011". American Journal of Psychiatry. 168 (10): 1029–1030. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.168.10.1029.
^Kupfer, David J. (October 2010). "Alan F. Schatzberg, M.D., 136th President, 2009-2010". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 167 (10): 1170–1171. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.167.10.1170. PMID 26649786.
^Yudofsky, Stuart C. (October 2009). "Nada Logan Stotland, M.D., 135th President, 2008-2009". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 166 (10): 1108–9. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.166.10.1108. PMID 19797443.
^Fink, Paul Jay (October 2008). "Carolyn Robinowitz, M.D., 134th President, 2007–2008". American Journal of Psychiatry. 165 (10): 1271. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.165.10.1271. PMID 22706430.
^McIntyre, John S. (October 2007). "Pedro Ruiz, M.D., 133rd President, 2006-2007". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 164 (10): 1513–4. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.164.10.1513. PMID 17898341.
^Roth, Sheldon (October 2006). "Steven S. Sharfstein, M.D., M.P.A., 132nd President, 2005–2006". American Journal of Psychiatry. 163 (10): 1719. doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.10.1719.
^Greden, John F. (November 2005). "Michelle Riba, M.D., M.S., 131st President, 2004–2005". American Journal of Psychiatry. 162 (11): 2048. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.11.2048.
^Simpson, George M. (October 2004). "Marcia Kraft Goin, M.D., 130th President, 2003–2004". American Journal of Psychiatry. 161 (10): 1775. doi:10.1176/ajp.161.10.1775.
^Roth, Loren H. (October 2003). "Paul S. Appelbaum, M.D., 129th President, 2002-2003". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 160 (10): 1766–7. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.10.1766. PMID 14514488.
^Walker, R. Dale (October 2002). "Richard K. Harding, M.D., One Hundred Twenty-Eighth President, 2001–2002". American Journal of Psychiatry. 159 (10): 1641. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.10.1641.
^Sacks, Herbert S. (October 2001). "Daniel B. Borenstein, M.D., One Hundred Twenty-Ninth President, 2000–2001". American Journal of Psychiatry. 158 (10): 1603–1604. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.10.1603.
^"Allan Tasman, M.D., One Hundred Twenty-Eighth President, 1999–2000". American Journal of Psychiatry. 157 (11): 1771. November 2000. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.11.1771.
^McIntyre, John S. (October 1999). "Rodrigo A. Muñoz, M.D., One Hundred Twenty-Seventh President, 1998–1999". American Journal of Psychiatry. 156 (10): 1493–1494. doi:10.1176/ajp.156.10.1493.
^Mirin, Steven M. (November 1998). "Herbert S. Sacks, M.D., One Hundred Twenty-Sixth President, 1997–1998". American Journal of Psychiatry. 155 (11): 1484–1485. doi:10.1176/ajp.155.11.1484.
^Dickstein, Leah J. (September 1996). "Mary Jane England, M.D., One Hundred Twenty-Fourth President, 1995-1996". American Journal of Psychiatry. 153 (9): 1126–1127. doi:10.1176/ajp.153.9.1126.
^Sabshin, M. (September 1995). "Jerry M. Wiener, M.D., One Hundred Twenty-third President, 1994-1995". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 152 (9): 1254–5. doi:10.1176/ajp.152.9.1254. PMID 7653676.
^Sabshin, Melvin (September 1994). "John S. McIntyre, M.D., One Hundred Twenty-Second President, 1993-1994". American Journal of Psychiatry. 151 (9): 1265–1266. doi:10.1176/ajp.151.9.1265.
^Sabshin, M. (September 1993). "Joseph T. English, M.D., One Hundred Twenty-first President, 1992-1993". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 150 (9): 1302–4. doi:10.1176/ajp.150.9.1302. PMID 8352339.
^Sabshin, M. (September 1992). "Lawrence Hartmann, M.D., One Hundred Twentieth President, 1991-1992". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 149 (9): 1145–7. doi:10.1176/ajp.149.9.1145. PMID 1503126.
^Robinowitz, C.B. (September 1991). "Elissa P. Benedek, M.D., One Hundred Nineteenth President, 1990-1991". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 148 (9): 1135–7. doi:10.1176/ajp.148.9.1135. PMID 1882989.
^Brodie, H. Keith H. (September 1990). "Herbert Pardes, M.D., One Hundred Eighteenth President, 1989-4990". American Journal of Psychiatry. 147 (9): 1126–1127. doi:10.1176/ajp.147.9.1126.
^Robinowitz, C.B. (September 1989). "Paul J. Fink, M.D., One Hundred Seventeenth President, 1988-1989". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 146 (9): 1112–4. doi:10.1176/ajp.146.9.1112. PMID 2669533.
^Sabshin, M (September 1988). "George H. Pollock, M.D., Ph.D., One Hundred Sixteenth President, 1987-1988: American Psychiatric Association". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 145 (9): 1068–9. doi:10.1176/ajp.145.9.1068. PMID 3046379.
^Brill, N.Q. (August 1987). "Robert O. Pasnau, M.D., One Hundred Fifteenth President, 1986-1987: American Psychiatric Association". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 144 (8): 986–8. doi:10.1176/ajp.144.8.986. PMID 3300379.
^Nadelson, T (August 1986). "Carol C. Nadelson, M.D., one hundred fourteenth president, 1985–1986, American Psychiatric Association". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 143 (8): 959–61. doi:10.1176/ajp.143.8.959. PMID 3524277.
^ ab"Carol Cooperman Nadelson". Changing the Face of Medicine. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 3 June 2015.
^Sabshin, Melvin (September 1985). "John A. Talbott, M.D. One hundred thirteenth President, 1984-1985". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 142 (9): 1014–6. doi:10.1176/ajp.142.9.1014. PMID 3895986.
^Sabshin, M (August 1984). "George Tarjan, M.D., One Hundred Twelfth President, 1983-1984". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 141 (8): 931–4. doi:10.1176/ajp.141.8.931. PMID 6380318.
^Astrachan, B.M. (September 1982). "Daniel X. Freedman, M.D., One Hundred and Tenth President, 1981-1982". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 139 (9): 1096–1101. doi:10.1176/ajp.139.9.1096. PMID 7051867.
^Barter, J.T. (August 1981). "Donald G. Langsley, M.D., One Hundred and Ninth President, 1980-1981". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 138 (8): 1021–6. doi:10.1176/ajp.138.8.1021. PMID 7020436.
^Onesti, S.J. (August 1980). "Alan A. Stone, M.D., One Hundred and Eighth President, 1979-1980". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 137 (8): 895–9. doi:10.1176/ajp.137.8.895. PMID 6998305.
^Visotsky, H.M. (August 1979). "Jules H. Masserman, M.D., One Hundred and Seventh President, 1978-1979". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 136 (8): 1023–5. doi:10.1176/ajp.136.8.1023. PMID 380366.
^Stone, A.A. (August 1978). "Jack Weinberg, M.D., One Hundred and Sixth President, 1977-1978". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 135 (8): 904–6. doi:10.1176/ajp.135.8.904. PMID 352162.
^Garber, R.S. (July 1977). "Robert W. Gibson, M.D., One Hundred and Fifth President, 1976-1977". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 134 (7): 731–5. doi:10.1176/ajp.134.7.731. PMID 326062.
^Sabshin, M (July 1976). "Judd Marmor, M.D., One Hundred and Fourth President, 1975-1976". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 133 (7): 748–51. doi:10.1176/ajp.133.7.748. PMID 779496.
^Weinberg, Jack (July 1975). "John P. Spiegel, M.D., One hundred and third president, 1974-1975". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 132 (7): 700–2. doi:10.1176/ajp.132.7.700. PMID 1094840.
^Eisenberg, Leon (July 1974). "Alfred M. Freedman, M.D., One Hundred and Second President, 1973-1974". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 131 (7): 757–60. doi:10.1176/ajp.131.7.757. PMID 4600628.
^Grims, William (21 April 2011). "Alfred Freedman, a Leader in Psychiatry, Dies at 94". The New York Times (New York ed.). p. A25.
^Brosin, Henry W. (July 1973). "Perry Clement Talkington, M.D., One Hundred and First President, 1972-1973". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 130 (7): 750–3. doi:10.1176/ajp.130.7.750. PMID 4576448.
^Barton, Walter E. (July 1972). "Ewald William Busse, M.D., One Hundredth President, 1971-1972". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 129 (1): 12–6. doi:10.1176/ajp.129.1.12. PMID 4556086.
^Barton, Walter E. (July 1971). "Robert Slocum Garber, M.D., Ninety-ninth President, 1970-1971". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 128 (1): 14–8. doi:10.1176/ajp.128.1.14. PMID 4949649.
^ abcKoltes, John A. (January 1989). "Chapter 29: Department of Psychiatry" (PDF). In Wagner, Frederick B. Jr. (ed.). Thomas Jefferson University: Tradition and Heritage. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. pp. 477–496. ISBN 978-0-8121-1210-8. OCLC 18442391 – via Jefferson Digital Commons.
^Bartemeier, Leo H. (July 1970). "Raymond Walter Waggoner, Sr., M.D., Ninety-eighth President, 1969-1970". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 127 (1): 11–4. doi:10.1176/ajp.127.1.11. PMID 4913139.
^Braceland, Francis J. (July 1969). "Lawrence Coleman Kolb, M.D., Ninety-seventh President, 1968-1969". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 126 (1): 13–20. doi:10.1176/ajp.126.1.13. PMID 4894787.
^Gerty, Francis J. (July 1967). "Harvey John Tompkins, M.D., Ninety-fifth President, 1966-1967". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 124 (1): 9–15. doi:10.1176/ajp.124.1.9. PMID 5338022.
^Braceland, Francis J. (July 1966). "Howard Phillips Rome, M.D., Ninety-fourth President, 1965-1966". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 123 (1): 13–20. doi:10.1176/ajp.123.1.13. PMID 5327453.
^Appel, Kenneth E. (July 1965). "Daniel Blain, M.D. Ninety-third President, 1964-65: A Biographical Sketch". American Journal of Psychiatry. 122 (1): 16–23. doi:10.1176/ajp.122.1.16.
^Ozarin, Lucy (December 1999). "Daniel Blain: Founder of This Journal". Psychiatric Services. 50 (12): 1564. doi:10.1176/ps.50.12.1563. PMID 10577873.
^Braceland, Francis J. (July 1964). "Jack Richard Ewalt 92nd President: A Biographical Sketch". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 121 (1): 9–16. doi:10.1176/ajp.121.1.9. PMID 14154796.
^Malamud, William (July 1963). "C.H. Hardin Branch, M.D., Eighty-ninth President 1962-1963: A Biographical Sketch". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 120 (1): 12–5. doi:10.1176/ajp.120.1.12. PMID 13932434.
^Alexander, Leo (July 1962). "Walter E. Barton: Ninetieth President, 1961-1962 A Biographical Sketch". American Journal of Psychiatry. 119 (1): 16–19. doi:10.1176/ajp.119.1.16. PMID 14036672.
^Braceland, Francis J. (July 1961). "Robert Hanna Felix: Eighty-Ninth President, 1960-61 A Biographical Sketch". American Journal of Psychiatry. 118 (1): 9–14. doi:10.1176/ajp.118.1.9.
^Alpers, Bernard J. (July 1960). "Dr. William Malamud: Eighty-sixth President—1959-1960: A Biographical Sketch". American Journal of Psychiatry. 117 (1): 11–14. doi:10.1176/ajp.117.1.11.
^Braceland, Francis J. (July 1959). "Francis J. Gerty, Eighty-fifth President, 1958-1959: A Biographical Sketch". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 116 (1): 11–5. doi:10.1176/ajp.116.1.11. PMID 13661441.
^Sleeper, Francis H. (July 1958). "Harry Caesar Solomon, M.D., President, American Psychiatric Association, 1957-58: A Biographical Sketch". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 115 (1): 10–3. doi:10.1176/ajp.115.1.10. PMID 13545387.
^Rome, Howard P. (July 1957). "Francis J. Braceland, M.D., Eighty-Third President, 1956-1957: A Biographical Sketch". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 114 (1): 10–3. doi:10.1176/ajp.114.1.10. PMID 13424745.
^Barrett, Joseph E. (July 1956). "R. Finley Gayle, Jr., M.D., President, 1955-56: A Biographical Sketch". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 113 (1): 8–9. doi:10.1176/ajp.113.1.8. PMID 13327063.
^Bookhammer, Robert S. (July 1955). "Arthur Percy Noyes, M.D., President 1954-1955: A Biographical Sketch". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 112 (1): 8–10. doi:10.1176/ajp.112.1.8. PMID 14376666.
^Zilboorg, Gregory (July 1953). "D. Ewen Cameron M.D., President, 1952-1953: A Biographical Sketch". American Journal of Psychiatry. 110 (1): 10–12. doi:10.1176/ajp.110.1.10.
^Brosin, Henry W. (July 1952). "Leo H. Bartemeier, M.D., President, 1951-1952: A Biographical Sketch". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 109 (1): 8–10. doi:10.1176/ajp.109.1.8. PMID 14923916.
^Brosin, Henry W. (July 1951). "John C. Whitehorn, M.D. President, 1950-1951: A Biographical Sketch". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 108 (1): 7–9. doi:10.1176/ajp.108.1.7. PMID 14838157.
^Preston, George H. (July 1950). "George S. Stevenson, M.D: President 1949-1950: A Biographical Sketch". American Journal of Psychiatry. 107 (1): 6–7. doi:10.1176/ajp.107.1.6. PMID 15419327.
^Brosin, Henry W. (July 1949). "William C. Menninger, M.D., President 1948-1949: A Biographical Sketch". American Journal of Psychiatry. 106 (1): 13–15. doi:10.1176/ajp.106.1.13.
^Shorter, Edward (2005). "Menninger Family: William Claire Menninger". A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-19-517668-1. OCLC 65200006.
^Moore, Merrill (July 1948). "Winpred Overholser, M.D., Sc.D: President 1947-1948: A Biographical Sketch". American Journal of Psychiatry. 105 (1): 10–14. doi:10.1176/ajp.105.1.10.
^Brill, A.A. (July 1947). "Samuel W. Hamilton: President 1946-1947: A Psychiatric Profile". American Journal of Psychiatry. 104 (1): 13–15. doi:10.1176/ajp.104.1.13.
^Solomon, Harry C. (July 1946). "Karl Murdock Bowman, M.D., President 1944-1946 A Biographical Sketch". American Journal of Psychiatry. 103 (1): 18–20. doi:10.1176/ajp.103.1.18.
^Smith, Lauren H. (July 1944). "Edward A. Strecker, M.D: President 1943-1944 A Biographical Sketch". American Journal of Psychiatry. 101 (1): 9–11. doi:10.1176/ajp.101.1.9.
^Chapman, Ross McC. (July 1943). "Arthur Hiler Ruggles, M.D: President 1942-1943 A Biographical Sketch". American Journal of Psychiatry. 100 (1): 9–10. doi:10.1176/ajp.100.1.9.
^Henry, H.C. (July 1942). "James King Hall, A.B., M.D., LL.D., President, 1941-1942, A Biographical Sketch". American Journal of Psychiatry. 99 (1): 8–12. doi:10.1176/ajp.99.1.8.
^Hincks, Clarence M. (July 1941). "George H. Stevenson, M.D., President, 1940-1941, A Biographical Sketch". American Journal of Psychiatry. 98 (1): 9–10. doi:10.1176/ajp.98.1.9.
^Klopp, Henry I. (July 1940). "William Charles Sandy, M.D., President, 1939-1940. A Biographical Sketch". American Journal of Psychiatry. 97 (1): 13–15. doi:10.1176/ajp.97.1.13.
^Cheney, Clarence O. (July 1939). "Richard Henry Hutchings, M.D., President, 1938-1939. A Biographical Sketch". American Journal of Psychiatry. 96 (1): 15–20. doi:10.1176/ajp.96.1.15.
^Tiffany, William J. (July 1938). "Ross McClure Chapman, M.D. President, 1937-38: A Biographical Sketch". American Journal of Psychiatry. 95 (1): 15–17. doi:10.1176/ajp.95.1.15.
^Russell, William L. (July 1937). "C. Macfie Campbell, M.A., B.Sc., M.D. President, 1936-37: A Biographical Sketch". American Journal of Psychiatry. 94 (1): 15–18. doi:10.1176/ajp.94.1.15.
^Hinsie, Leland E. (July 1936). "Clarence O. Cheney, M.D. President, 1935-36: A Biographical Sketch". American Journal of Psychiatry. 93 (1): 17–20. doi:10.1176/ajp.93.1.17.
^Horger, E.L. (July 1935). "Charles Frederick Williams, M.D., President, 1934-1935: A Biographical Sketch". American Journal of Psychiatry. 92 (1): 13–15. doi:10.1176/ajp.92.1.13.
^Raynor, Mortimer W. (July 1934). "George H. Kirby, M.D., President 1933-1934: A Biographical Sketch". American Journal of Psychiatry. 91 (1): 19–20. doi:10.1176/ajp.91.1.19.
^Campbell, C. MacFie (July 1933). "James Vance May, M.D., President, 1932-1933, Boston, Mass.: A Biographical Sketch". American Journal of Psychiatry. 90 (1): 16–19. doi:10.1176/ajp.90.1.16.
^Parry, Manon (October 2006). "Thomas W. Salmon: Advocate of Mental Hygiene". American Journal of Public Health. 96 (10): 1741. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2006.095794. PMC 1586146. PMID 17008565.
^ abAmerican Medico-Psychological Association (1920). "Officers of the American Medico-Psychological Association". Proceedings of the American Medico-Psychological Association at the Seventy-sixth Annual Meeting Held at Cleveland, Ohio, June 1-4, 1920. Baltimore, MD: The Lord Baltimore Press. pp. 5, 7.
^American Medico-Psychological Association (1919). "Officers of the American Medico-Psychological Association for 1918-1919". Proceedings of the American Medico-Psychological Association at the Seventy-fifth Annual Meeting Held at Philadelphia, PA., June 18-20, 1919. Baltimore, MD: The Lord Baltimore Press. p. 3.
^ abAmerican Medico-Psychological Association (1917). "Officers of the American Medico-Psychological Association". Proceedings of the American Medico-Psychological Association at the Seventy-third Annual Meeting Held at New York, N.Y., May 29 to June 1, 1917. Baltimore, MD: The Lord Baltimore Press. pp. 3, 5.
^ abAmerican Medico-Psychological Association (1915). "Officers of the American Medico-Psychological Association". Proceedings of the American Medico-Psychological Association at the Seventy-first Annual Meeting Held at Old Point Comfort, VA., May 11-14, 1915. Baltimore, MD: The Lord Baltimore Press. pp. 3, 5.
^ abAmerican Medico-Psychological Association (1913). "Officers of the American Medico-Psychological Association". Proceedings of the American Medico-Psychological Association at the Sixty-ninth Annual Meeting Held in Niagara Falls, Canada, June 10-13, 1913. Baltimore, MD: The Lord Baltimore Press. pp. iii, v.
^"Dr. Carlos F. MacDonald, Alienist, is Dead". New York Times. 2 June 1926. Retrieved 2015-04-22.
^ abAmerican Medico-Psychological Association (1911). "Officers of the American Medico-Psychological Association". Proceedings of the American Medico-Psychological Association at the Sixty-seventh Annual Meeting Held in Denver, Colo., June 19-22, 1911. Baltimore, MD: The Lord Baltimore Press. pp. 3, 5.
^ abAmerican Medico-Psychological Association (1909). "Officers of the American Medico-Psychological Association". Proceedings of the American Medico-Psychological Association at the Sixty-fifth Annual Meeting Held in Atlantic City, N.J., June 1-4, 1909. Baltimore, MD: The Lord Baltimore Press. pp. 3, 5.
^ abAmerican Medico-Psychological Association (1907). "Officers of the American Medico-Psychological Association". Proceedings of the American Medico-Psychological Association at the Sixty-third Annual Meeting Held in Washington, D.C., May 7-10, 1907. Baltimore, MD: The Lord Baltimore Press. pp. iii, v.
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